英语定语从句详解
1. 什么是定语从句?
定语从句就是:一个从句在句子里充当定语,用来修饰前面的名词或代词。
先看中文:
我昨天买的书很有趣。
这里“我昨天买的”是在修饰“书”。
英语中可以说:
The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.
其中:
that I bought yesterday
就是定语从句,修饰前面的:
the book
所以:
定语从句 = 用一个句子修饰一个名词
2. 定语从句的基本结构
定语从句通常由三部分组成:
先行词 + 关系词 + 从句
例如:
The girl who is standing there is my sister.
拆开看:
| 部分 | 内容 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 先行词 | The girl | 被修饰的名词 |
| 关系词 | who | 引导定语从句 |
| 定语从句 | who is standing there | 修饰 the girl |
整个意思是:
站在那里的那个女孩是我妹妹。
3. 什么是先行词?
先行词就是定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词。
例如:
I like the movie that we watched last night.
这里定语从句是:
that we watched last night
它修饰的是:
the movie
所以:
the movie = 先行词
再看:
The man who helped me is very kind.
定语从句:
who helped me
修饰:
The man
所以:
The man = 先行词
4. 什么是关系词?
关系词有两个作用:
作用 1:连接主句和从句
例如:
The book that I bought is expensive.
这里 that 把:
The book is expensive.
和:
I bought the book.
连接起来。
作用 2:在从句中充当成分
这一点非常重要。
例如:
The book that I bought is expensive.
从句是:
that I bought
其实可以理解成:
I bought that
这里 that 代替前面的 the book,在从句里做 bought 的宾语。
所以关系词不是单纯连接词,它通常还在从句中做主语、宾语、定语、状语等。
5. 定语从句的常见关系词
定语从句的关系词主要分两大类:
关系代词 和 关系副词
5.1 关系代词
| 关系代词 | 先行词 | 在从句中作用 |
|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语 / 宾语 |
| whom | 人 | 宾语 |
| whose | 人 / 物 | 定语,表示“谁的 / 其” |
| which | 物 / 事 | 主语 / 宾语 |
| that | 人 / 物 | 主语 / 宾语 / 表语 |
5.2 关系副词
| 关系副词 | 先行词 | 含义 | 相当于 |
|---|---|---|---|
| when | 时间 | 在那时 | at / in / on which |
| where | 地点 | 在那里 | at / in which |
| why | 原因 | 为什么 | for which |
例如:
I remember the day when we first met.
我记得我们第一次见面的那一天。
This is the place where I grew up.
这是我长大的地方。
That is the reason why he left.
那就是他离开的原因。
6. 关系代词详解
6.1 who
who 通常用于先行词是人,并且在从句中做主语。
例如:
The boy who is playing soccer is my brother.
正在踢足球的那个男孩是我弟弟。
拆开:
The boy is my brother.
The boy is playing soccer.
合并:
The boy who is playing soccer is my brother.
从句中:
| 成分 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 主语 | who |
| 谓语 | is playing |
| 宾语 | soccer |
所以 who 在从句中做主语。
也可以做宾语:
The man who I met yesterday is a teacher.
我昨天遇到的那个男人是一名老师。
从句相当于:
I met who yesterday.
这里 who 做 met 的宾语。
不过在正式英语中,做宾语时也可以用 whom。
6.2 whom
whom 用于先行词是人,并且在从句中做宾语。
例如:
The man whom I met yesterday is a teacher.
我昨天遇到的那个男人是一名老师。
从句:
I met whom yesterday.
这里 whom 做 met 的宾语。
不过在现代英语口语中,whom 比较正式,很多时候会被 who 或 that 替代:
The man who I met yesterday is a teacher.
The man that I met yesterday is a teacher.
甚至可以省略:
The man I met yesterday is a teacher.
因为关系词在从句中做宾语时,常常可以省略。
6.3 whose
whose 表示“谁的 / 其”,可以修饰人,也可以修饰物。
修饰人
I know a girl whose father is a doctor.
我认识一个女孩,她的爸爸是医生。
拆开:
I know a girl.
Her father is a doctor.
合并:
I know a girl whose father is a doctor.
这里:
whose father = her father
whose 在从句中做定语,修饰 father。
修饰物
I live in a house whose roof is red.
我住在一栋屋顶是红色的房子里。
这里:
whose roof = the house’s roof
也可以更正式地说:
I live in a house the roof of which is red.
但是这种结构比较书面。
6.4 which
which 用于先行词是物或事情。
which 做主语
The book which is on the table is mine.
桌子上的那本书是我的。
从句:
which is on the table
这里 which 做主语。
which 做宾语
The book which I bought yesterday is interesting.
我昨天买的那本书很有趣。
从句:
I bought which yesterday.
这里 which 做 bought 的宾语。
做宾语时,which 可以省略:
The book I bought yesterday is interesting.
6.5 that
that 可以指人,也可以指物,在限制性定语从句中非常常用。
指人
The person that helped me was very kind.
帮助我的那个人很善良。
指物
The movie that we watched last night was great.
我们昨晚看的电影很棒。
that 可以做主语,也可以做宾语。
that 做主语
The dog that barked all night kept me awake.
那只叫了一整晚的狗让我没睡着。
这里:
that = the dog
在从句中做主语。
that 做宾语
The song that I heard yesterday was beautiful.
我昨天听到的那首歌很好听。
这里:
that = the song
在从句中做 heard 的宾语。
做宾语时,that 可以省略:
The song I heard yesterday was beautiful.
7. 关系副词详解
7.1 when
when 用于时间名词后,表示“在那个时候”。
常见先行词:
day, year, time, moment, morning, period
例如:
I remember the day when we first met.
我记得我们第一次见面的那一天。
拆开:
I remember the day.
We first met on that day.
合并:
I remember the day when we first met.
这里:
when = on which = on that day
再看:
2020 was the year when everything changed.
2020 年是许多事情发生改变的一年。
这里:
when = in which = in that year
7.2 where
where 用于地点名词后,表示“在那个地方”。
常见先行词:
place, city, country, room, school, company, house
例如:
This is the school where I studied.
这是我曾经学习的学校。
拆开:
This is the school.
I studied at the school.
合并:
This is the school where I studied.
这里:
where = at which = at the school
再看:
I want to live in a city where life is convenient.
我想住在一个生活方便的城市。
7.3 why
why 用于 reason 后,表示“为什么”。
例如:
That is the reason why he left.
那就是他离开的原因。
拆开:
That is the reason.
He left for that reason.
合并:
That is the reason why he left.
这里:
why = for which = for that reason
注意:
the reason why…
可以,但在正式写作中也常用:
the reason that…
例如:
The reason that he left is unclear.
8. 关系代词和关系副词怎么区分?
这是定语从句最重要的考点之一。
判断方法:
看关系词在从句中充当什么成分。
如果从句缺主语或宾语,用关系代词
例如:
This is the place which I visited last year.
从句:
I visited ___ last year.
visit 是及物动词,后面缺宾语。
所以要用关系代词:
which / that
也可以省略:
This is the place I visited last year.
意思是:
这是我去年参观的地方。
如果从句不缺主语宾语,而是缺地点状语,用 where
例如:
This is the place where I lived last year.
从句:
I lived ___ last year.
live 通常是不及物动词,不是直接说:
live the place
而是:
live in the place
所以这里缺的是:
in the place
也就是地点状语。
因此用:
where
意思是:
这是我去年住的地方。
对比:place + which / that vs where
| 句子 | 从句结构 | 关系词作用 |
|---|---|---|
| This is the place which I visited. | I visited ___ | which 做宾语 |
| This is the place where I lived. | I lived there | where 做地点状语 |
中文都可能翻译成“地方”,但英语结构不同。
9. when 和 which 的区别
看这两句:
I remember the day when we met.
我记得我们见面的那一天。
从句:
we met on that day
缺的是时间状语,所以用 when。
I remember the day which we spent together.
我记得我们一起度过的那一天。
从句:
we spent the day together
缺的是宾语,所以用 which / that。
对比:
| 句子 | 从句还原 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| the day when we met | we met on the day | when = 时间状语 |
| the day which we spent | we spent the day | which = 宾语 |
10. why 和 which 的区别
看这两句:
The reason why he left is unknown.
他离开的原因还不知道。
从句:
he left for the reason
缺原因状语,所以用 why。
The reason which he gave was strange.
他给出的理由很奇怪。
从句:
he gave the reason
缺宾语,所以用 which / that。
对比:
| 句子 | 从句还原 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| the reason why he left | he left for the reason | why = 原因状语 |
| the reason which he gave | he gave the reason | which = 宾语 |
11. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
定语从句还有一个重要分类:
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
11.1 限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句用来限定先行词的范围,是句子意思中不可缺少的一部分。
例如:
The students who study hard usually get good grades.
努力学习的学生通常会取得好成绩。
这里不是所有学生,而是:
努力学习的学生
如果去掉定语从句:
The students usually get good grades.
意思就变了。
所以这是限制性定语从句。
特点:
不用逗号隔开。
11.2 非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句只是补充说明先行词,去掉后主句核心意思仍然完整。
例如:
My brother, who lives in Tokyo, is a programmer.
我哥哥是一名程序员,他住在东京。
这里:
who lives in Tokyo
只是补充说明 my brother。
如果去掉:
My brother is a programmer.
核心意思仍然完整。
特点:
通常用逗号隔开。
11.3 两者对比
| 类型 | 是否有逗号 | 作用 | 去掉后影响 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 限制性定语从句 | 无逗号 | 限定范围 | 意思可能改变 |
| 非限制性定语从句 | 有逗号 | 补充说明 | 主句基本意思不变 |
11.4 非限制性定语从句不能用 that
这一点很重要。
正确:
My car, which I bought last year, is very reliable.
错误:
My car, that I bought last year, is very reliable.
非限制性定语从句中通常不用 that,要用:
who, whom, whose, which, where, when
12. 关系词什么时候可以省略?
一般规则:
关系词在从句中做宾语时,可以省略。
做主语时,不能省略。
12.1 做宾语时可以省略
The book that I bought is interesting.
从句:
I bought that
that 做宾语,可以省略:
The book I bought is interesting.
The man whom I met yesterday is a doctor.
whom 做宾语,可以省略:
The man I met yesterday is a doctor.
12.2 做主语时不能省略
The boy who broke the window ran away.
这里 who 做主语,不能省略。
错误:
The boy broke the window ran away.
这个句子会变得混乱,因为会出现两个谓语:
broke
ran away
再看:
The book which is on the desk is mine.
which 做主语,不能省略。
错误:
The book is on the desk is mine.
13. 什么时候只能用 that?
在一些情况下,限制性定语从句中更常用或通常用 that。
13.1 先行词被最高级修饰
This is the best movie that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
13.2 先行词被序数词修饰
This is the first book that I read in English.
这是我读的第一本英文书。
13.3 先行词是不定代词
例如:
everything, something, anything, nothing, all, little, much
例句:
Everything that he said was true.
他说的一切都是真的。
Is there anything that I can do?
有什么我能做的吗?
13.4 先行词既有人又有物
The people and things that I saw were unforgettable.
我看到的人和事都令人难忘。
13.5 先行词被 only, very, all, every, no 等修饰
This is the only thing that I can do.
这是我唯一能做的事。
He is the very person that I want to meet.
他正是我想见的人。
14. 介词 + 关系代词
有时关系代词前面会带介词:
in which
on which
for which
to whom
with whom
这种结构比较正式。
14.1 介词 + which
This is the house in which I lived.
这是我曾住过的房子。
也可以说:
This is the house where I lived.
或者更口语:
This is the house which I lived in.
14.2 介词 + whom
The person to whom I spoke was very polite.
和我说话的那个人很有礼貌。
更口语:
The person who I spoke to was very polite.
或者:
The person that I spoke to was very polite.
14.3 介词后不能用 that
错误:
The house in that I lived was old.
正确:
The house in which I lived was old.
或者:
The house that I lived in was old.
也就是说:
介词提前时,用 which / whom,不用 that。
15. 定语从句和名词性从句的区别
这是刚学完名词性从句后很容易混淆的地方。
15.1 定语从句:修饰名词
I like the book that you recommended.
我喜欢你推荐的那本书。
从句:
that you recommended
修饰前面的:
the book
所以是定语从句。
15.2 名词性从句:整个从句当名词用
I know that you recommended this book.
我知道你推荐了这本书。
从句:
that you recommended this book
做 know 的宾语。
所以是宾语从句,属于名词性从句。
对比
| 句子 | 从句 | 类型 | 原因 |
|---|---|---|---|
| I like the book that you recommended. | that you recommended | 定语从句 | 修饰 the book |
| I know that you recommended this book. | that you recommended this book | 宾语从句 | 做 know 的宾语 |
16. that 在定语从句和名词性从句中的区别
16.1 名词性从句中的 that
I know that he is right.
这里 that 只是连接词,不在从句中做成分。
从句:
he is right
结构完整。
所以:
that = 不做成分,只连接
16.2 定语从句中的 that
The man that helped me is kind.
这里 that 代替先行词 the man,在从句中做主语。
从句:
that helped me
相当于:
the man helped me
所以:
that = 关系代词,要在从句中做成分
再看:
The book that I bought is useful.
这里 that 在从句中做宾语:
I bought that
所以定语从句中的 that 通常是有成分作用的。
17. 常见错误讲解
错误 1:关系词重复
错误:
The book that I bought it is interesting.
正确:
The book that I bought is interesting.
原因:
that 已经代替 the book 做 bought 的宾语了,不需要再加 it。
错误句相当于:
I bought the book it
宾语重复了。
错误 2:该用 where 却用 which
错误:
This is the city which I lived.
正确:
This is the city where I lived.
或者:
This is the city which I lived in.
原因:
live 是不及物动词,不能直接说 live the city。
要说 live in the city。
所以如果用 which,要保留介词:
which I lived in
如果不保留介词,就用 where:
where I lived
错误 3:该用 which 却用 where
错误:
This is the city where I visited last year.
正确:
This is the city which / that I visited last year.
原因:
visit 是及物动词,可以直接接宾语:
visit the city
所以从句缺的是宾语,不是地点状语。
错误 4:非限制性定语从句用 that
错误:
My father, that is a doctor, works hard.
正确:
My father, who is a doctor, works hard.
原因:
非限制性定语从句不能用 that。
错误 5:关系词做主语时省略
错误:
The man helped me is my teacher.
正确:
The man who helped me is my teacher.
原因:
who 在从句中做主语,不能省略。
18. 如何判断一个从句是不是定语从句?
你可以按这个步骤判断。
第一步:找从句
看句子中有没有:
who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why
例如:
The girl who is sitting there is my friend.
从句是:
who is sitting there
第二步:看从句前面有没有被修饰的名词
这里从句前面有:
The girl
从句修饰这个名词:
坐在那里的女孩
所以是定语从句。
第三步:看关系词在从句中做什么成分
who is sitting there
who 做主语。
所以这是由 who 引导的定语从句。
19. 做题时的判断口诀
口诀 1:先找先行词
定语从句前面一定有被修饰的名词或代词。
例如:
The book that I bought…
先行词是:
The book
口诀 2:看从句缺什么
从句缺主语 / 宾语:
用 who / whom / which / that
从句缺定语:
用 whose
从句缺时间状语:
用 when
从句缺地点状语:
用 where
从句缺原因状语:
用 why
口诀 3:从句完整不代表不用关系词
例如:
This is the place where I lived.
从句:
I lived
看起来主语和谓语都有,但其实缺:
in the place
也就是地点状语。
所以用 where。
20. 总结
定语从句的本质是:
用一个句子修饰一个名词。
基本结构:
先行词 + 关系词 + 从句
最核心的判断方法是:
看关系词在从句里做什么成分。
| 从句缺什么 | 用什么 |
|---|---|
| 缺人作主语 | who / that |
| 缺人作宾语 | whom / who / that / 可省略 |
| 缺物作主语 | which / that |
| 缺物作宾语 | which / that / 可省略 |
| 缺“谁的 / 其” | whose |
| 缺时间状语 | when |
| 缺地点状语 | where |
| 缺原因状语 | why |
最容易错的地方:
where 不等于所有“地点名词”后都用 where。
when 不等于所有“时间名词”后都用 when。
关键永远是:
从句里面到底缺什么成分。