英语状语从句详解

状语从句可以理解成:

用一个从句来说明主句动作发生的时间、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等。

前面已经学过:

名词性从句 = 整个从句当名词用
定语从句 = 整个从句修饰名词
状语从句 = 整个从句当副词用,修饰主句动作或整个主句


1. 什么是状语从句?

先看中文:

因为下雨了,我待在家里。
如果明天下雨,我会待在家里。
当他给我打电话时,我正在睡觉。

这里的:

因为下雨了
如果明天下雨
当他给我打电话时

都在说明主句动作发生的背景、条件、原因或时间。

英语中可以说:

Because it rained, I stayed at home.
因为下雨了,我待在家里。

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
如果明天下雨,我会待在家里。

I was sleeping when he called me.
他给我打电话时,我正在睡觉。

这些加粗部分就是 状语从句


2. 状语从句的基本结构

状语从句通常由:

从属连词 + 主语 + 谓语

构成。

例如:

When he arrived, we started dinner.

拆开:

部分内容
从属连词when
从句主语he
从句谓语arrived
主句we started dinner

整个意思是:

当他到达时,我们开始吃晚饭。


3. 状语从句的位置

状语从句可以放在主句前面,也可以放在主句后面。

3.1 放在主句前面

When I got home, I called him.
我到家后,给他打了电话。

这种情况下,状语从句后面通常要加逗号。

结构是:

状语从句 + , + 主句

3.2 放在主句后面

I called him when I got home.
我到家后给他打了电话。

这种情况下通常不需要逗号。

结构是:

主句 + 状语从句

3.3 对比

位置例句逗号
从句在前When I got home, I called him.通常有逗号
从句在后I called him when I got home.通常无逗号

4. 状语从句的主要类型

状语从句按意义可以分为很多类,最常见的是:

类型作用常见引导词
时间状语从句表示“什么时候”when, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as
原因状语从句表示“为什么”because, since, as, now that
条件状语从句表示“在什么条件下”if, unless, as long as, provided that
让步状语从句表示“虽然 / 即使”although, though, even though, even if, while
目的状语从句表示“为了……”so that, in order that
结果状语从句表示“结果……”so…that, such…that
比较状语从句表示比较than, as…as
方式状语从句表示“以……方式”as, as if, as though
地点状语从句表示“在哪里”where, wherever

5. 时间状语从句

时间状语从句说明主句动作发生的时间。

常见引导词:

when, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as, once, whenever

5.1 when

when 表示“当……的时候”,可以表示某个时间点,也可以表示一段时间。

I was sleeping when he called me.
他给我打电话时,我正在睡觉。

这里:

when he called me

说明:

我正在睡觉的时间点

再看:

When I was a child, I lived in Shanghai.
当我还是孩子的时候,我住在上海。

这里 when 表示一段时间。

5.2 while

while 通常表示“在……期间”,常用于两个动作同时进行,尤其强调持续性。

I was cooking while he was watching TV.
我在做饭时,他在看电视。

这里两个动作都是持续的:

was cooking
was watching TV

while 后面通常接持续性动作:

She listened to music while she was studying.
她学习时听音乐。

5.3 when 和 while 的区别

项目whenwhile
基本意思当……时在……期间
动作特点可短暂,也可持续通常持续
常见搭配when he arrivedwhile he was sleeping

对比:

I was sleeping when he came in.
他进来时,我正在睡觉。

这里:

came in

是短暂动作,所以用 when 更自然。

I was sleeping while he was studying.
他学习的时候,我在睡觉。

这里:

sleeping 和 studying

都是持续动作,所以用 while。

5.4 as

as 也可以表示“当……的时候”,但通常强调两个动作几乎同时发生,或者随着某个过程变化。

As I walked into the room, everyone became quiet.
当我走进房间时,大家安静了下来。

表示“随着……”:

As time passed, things got better.
随着时间流逝,情况变好了。

5.5 before

before 表示“在……之前”。

I finished my homework before I went to bed.
我睡觉前完成了作业。

结构:

主句动作发生在 before 从句动作之前

也就是:

finished homework → went to bed

5.6 after

after 表示“在……之后”。

I called him after I arrived.
我到达后给他打了电话。

顺序是:

arrived → called him

5.7 until

until 表示“直到……为止”。

I waited until he came back.
我一直等到他回来。

这里表示:

waited 这个动作一直持续到 he came back

not…until

not…until 表示“直到……才”。

I didn’t leave until he came back.
直到他回来我才离开。

意思是:

他回来之前,我没有离开。
他回来之后,我才离开。

5.8 since

since 表示“自从……以来”。

I have lived here since I came to Tokyo.
自从我来到东京以来,我一直住在这里。

常见结构:

主句现在完成时 + since + 从句一般过去时

例如:

I have known him since we were children.
我从我们小时候就认识他。

5.9 as soon as

as soon as 表示“一……就……”。

I will call you as soon as I arrive.
我一到就给你打电话。

注意这里有一个重要规则:

时间状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。

所以不是:

as soon as I will arrive

而是:

as soon as I arrive


6. 原因状语从句

原因状语从句说明主句动作发生的原因。

常见引导词:

because, since, as, now that

6.1 because

because 表示直接原因,语气最强,回答 why。

I stayed at home because it rained.
因为下雨了,我待在家里。

如果有人问:

Why did you stay at home?

可以回答:

Because it rained.

6.2 since

since 表示“既然”,原因通常是双方都知道的事实。

Since you are tired, you should take a rest.
既然你累了,你应该休息一下。

这里重点不是解释原因,而是基于这个原因提出建议。

6.3 as

as 也可以表示“因为”,语气比 because 弱,通常放句首。

As it was late, we decided to go home.
因为天晚了,我们决定回家。

6.4 now that

now that 表示“既然现在……”。

Now that you are here, let’s start.
既然你来了,我们开始吧。

6.5 because / since / as 的区别

连词含义语气常见位置
because因为最强,直接回答 why句首或句中
since既然中等,原因通常已知常在句首
as由于较弱,背景原因常在句首

7. 条件状语从句

条件状语从句表示主句成立的条件。

常见引导词:

if, unless, as long as, provided that, in case

7.1 if

if 表示“如果”。

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
如果明天下雨,我会待在家里。

注意:

条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。

所以:

正确:

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.

不自然 / 错误:

If it will rain tomorrow, I will stay at home.

7.2 unless

unless 表示“除非;如果不”。

I won’t go out unless it stops raining.
除非雨停,否则我不会出去。

等于:

I won’t go out if it doesn’t stop raining.

7.3 as long as

as long as 表示“只要”。

You can use my computer as long as you are careful.
只要你小心,你可以用我的电脑。

7.4 provided that / providing that

表示“只要;如果”,比较正式。

You can enter the room provided that you have a ticket.
只要你有票,就可以进入房间。

7.5 in case

in case 表示“以防;万一”。

Take an umbrella in case it rains.
带把伞,以防下雨。

注意:

in case it rains

不是“如果下雨了才带伞”,而是:

为了防备可能下雨,所以现在带伞。


8. 让步状语从句

让步状语从句表示:

虽然有某种情况,但主句仍然成立。

常见引导词:

although, though, even though, even if, while, no matter wh-, whatever, whoever

8.1 although / though

表示“虽然;尽管”。

Although he was tired, he kept working.
虽然他很累,但他继续工作。

也可以说:

Though he was tired, he kept working.

8.2 although 和 but 不能同时用于同一套主从结构

中文可以说:

虽然他很累,但是他继续工作。

但英语通常不能说:

错误:

Although he was tired, but he kept working.

正确:

Although he was tired, he kept working.

或者:

He was tired, but he kept working.

也就是说:

although 和 but 选一个就够了。

8.3 even though

even though 表示“即使;尽管”,语气比 although 更强,强调事实确实存在。

Even though it was raining, they continued the game.
尽管当时在下雨,他们还是继续比赛。

这里“下雨”是真实发生的事实。

8.4 even if

even if 表示“即使”,常用于假设情况。

Even if it rains tomorrow, I will go.
即使明天下雨,我也会去。

这里“明天下雨”还不确定,是假设。

8.5 even though 和 even if 的区别

表达重点例句
even though事实让步Even though he was ill, he came.
even if假设让步Even if he is ill, he will come.

8.6 no matter wh- / whatever

表示“无论……”。

No matter what happens, I will help you.
无论发生什么,我都会帮你。

也可以说:

Whatever happens, I will help you.

再如:

No matter where you go, I will remember you.
无论你去哪里,我都会记得你。

Wherever you go, I will remember you.


9. 目的状语从句

目的状语从句表示“为了……”。

常见引导词:

so that, in order that

9.1 so that

I got up early so that I could catch the first train.
我早起是为了赶上第一班车。

这里:

so that I could catch the first train

说明早起的目的。

9.2 in order that

in order thatso that 更正式。

He spoke slowly in order that everyone could understand him.
他讲得很慢,以便每个人都能听懂。

9.3 目的状语从句常和情态动词连用

目的状语从句中常见:

can, could, may, might, will, would

例如:

I left early so that I could avoid the traffic.
我早点出发,以便避开交通堵塞。

Please speak clearly so that everyone can hear you.
请说清楚,以便大家都能听见。


10. 结果状语从句

结果状语从句表示“结果是……”。

常见结构:

so + 形容词 / 副词 + that 从句
such + 名词短语 + that 从句

10.1 so…that

He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
他太累了,所以立刻睡着了。

结构:

so + adjective / adverb + that + result

再看:

She spoke so quickly that I couldn’t understand her.
她说得太快了,以至于我听不懂。

10.2 such…that

It was such a difficult question that nobody could answer it.
这是一个如此困难的问题,以至于没人能回答。

结构:

such + 名词短语 + that + result

例如:

He is such a kind person that everyone likes him.
他是如此善良的人,以至于每个人都喜欢他。

10.3 so 和 such 的区别

结构后面接什么例句
so…that形容词 / 副词so tired that…
such…that名词短语such a good book that…

对比:

It was so interesting that I read it twice.
它太有趣了,所以我读了两遍。

It was such an interesting book that I read it twice.
这是一本如此有趣的书,以至于我读了两遍。


11. 比较状语从句

比较状语从句用于比较。

常见结构:

as…as
not as / so…as
than

11.1 as…as

表示“和……一样”。

He is as tall as I am.
他和我一样高。

口语中也常说:

He is as tall as me.

但从语法分析上看,完整形式是:

as I am

11.2 not as / so…as

表示“不如……”。

This book is not as difficult as I expected.
这本书没有我预想的那么难。

11.3 than

表示“比……”。

She is taller than I am.
她比我高。

口语中也常说:

She is taller than me.

11.4 比较状语从句中常省略

比较状语从句经常省略重复部分。

完整:

He runs faster than I run.

更自然:

He runs faster than I do.

或者:

He runs faster than me.


12. 方式状语从句

方式状语从句说明动作发生的方式。

常见引导词:

as, as if, as though

12.1 as

表示“按照……的方式”。

Do as I told you.
按我告诉你的去做。

You should write it as the teacher showed us.
你应该按照老师教我们的方式写。

12.2 as if / as though

表示“好像;仿佛”。

He talks as if he knows everything.
他说话的样子好像他什么都知道。

She looked at me as though she had seen a ghost.
她看着我,好像见了鬼一样。

12.3 as if 和虚拟语气

如果 as if 后面的内容明显不是真实情况,常用虚拟语气。

He talks as if he were an expert.
他说话好像自己是专家一样。

实际含义通常是:

He is not an expert.

不过现代口语中,也常听到:

as if he was an expert

但正式语法中 were 更传统、更稳妥。


13. 地点状语从句

地点状语从句说明动作发生的地点。

常见引导词:

where, wherever

13.1 where

You can sit where you like.
你可以坐在你喜欢的地方。

这里:

where you like

不是修饰前面的某个名词,而是说明:

sit 的地点

所以这是地点状语从句。

13.2 wherever

表示“无论哪里”。

I will follow you wherever you go.
无论你去哪里,我都会跟着你。


14. 状语从句中的重要时态规则

这是考试和写作中非常重要的规则。

14.1 时间和条件状语从句中,一般现在时表示将来

当主句表示将来时,时间或条件状语从句通常不用 will,而用一般现在时。

时间状语从句

正确:

I will call you when I arrive.
我到达时会给你打电话。

错误:

I will call you when I will arrive.

正确:

I will tell you as soon as I know.
我一知道就告诉你。

错误:

I will tell you as soon as I will know.

条件状语从句

正确:

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
如果明天下雨,我会待在家里。

错误:

If it will rain tomorrow, I will stay at home.

14.2 但宾语从句中可以用 will

注意区别:

I don’t know if he will come tomorrow.
我不知道他明天是否会来。

这里的:

if he will come tomorrow

是宾语从句,不是条件状语从句。

所以可以用 will。

对比:

句子从句类型will 是否可用
I will tell him if he comes.条件状语从句,如果他来不用 will
I don’t know if he will come.宾语从句,是否会来可以用 will

这是一个非常重要的区别。


15. 状语从句的省略

当状语从句的主语和主句主语一致,且从句中含有 be 动词时,可以省略:

从句主语 + be

15.1 while 从句省略

完整:

While I was walking home, I saw a cat.

省略:

While walking home, I saw a cat.
走回家的时候,我看到了一只猫。

这里省略了:

I was

15.2 when 从句省略

完整:

When it is necessary, you can ask for help.

省略:

When necessary, you can ask for help.
必要时,你可以寻求帮助。

15.3 although 从句省略

完整:

Although he was tired, he kept working.

省略:

Although tired, he kept working.
虽然很累,他还是继续工作。

15.4 if 从句省略

完整:

If it is possible, please reply today.

省略:

If possible, please reply today.
如果可以,请今天回复。


16. 状语从句和其他从句的区别

16.1 状语从句 vs 名词性从句

看 if:

条件状语从句

If it rains, I will stay home.
如果下雨,我会待在家。

这里 if = 如果。

从句说明主句发生的条件。

宾语从句

I don’t know if it will rain.
我不知道是否会下雨。

这里 if = 是否。

从句做 know 的宾语。

对比:

句子if 含义从句类型
If it rains, I will stay home.如果条件状语从句
I don’t know if it will rain.是否宾语从句

16.2 状语从句 vs 定语从句

看 where:

地点状语从句

You can sit where you like.
你可以坐在你喜欢的地方。

这里没有明确的先行词,where 从句修饰 sit,表示地点。

所以是状语从句。

定语从句

This is the place where I lived.
这是我住过的地方。

这里 where 从句修饰:

the place

所以是定语从句。

对比:

句子where 从句作用类型
You can sit where you like.修饰 sit,表示地点地点状语从句
This is the place where I lived.修饰 the place定语从句

17. 常见错误讲解

错误 1:时间 / 条件状语从句里乱用 will

错误:

I will call you when I will arrive.

正确:

I will call you when I arrive.

原因:

时间状语从句中,一般现在时表示将来。

错误:

If it will rain tomorrow, I will stay home.

正确:

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.

原因:

条件状语从句中,一般现在时表示将来。

错误 2:although 和 but 同时使用

错误:

Although he was tired, but he kept working.

正确:

Although he was tired, he kept working.

或者:

He was tired, but he kept working.

原因:

although 已经表示“虽然”,but 已经表示“但是”,英语里通常不同时使用。

错误 3:because 和 so 同时使用

中文可以说:

因为下雨了,所以我没出去。

英语通常不要说:

错误:

Because it rained, so I didn’t go out.

正确:

Because it rained, I didn’t go out.

或者:

It rained, so I didn’t go out.

错误 4:把 if 的两种意思混淆

If he comes, I will tell you.
如果他来,我会告诉你。

这里 if = 如果,条件状语从句。

I don’t know if he will come.
我不知道他是否会来。

这里 if = 是否,宾语从句。

两个句子的时态规则不同。

错误 5:so 和 such 混用

错误:

It was so a good movie that I watched it twice.

正确:

It was such a good movie that I watched it twice.

因为:

movie 是名词,所以用 such a good movie。

也可以改成:

The movie was so good that I watched it twice.

因为:

good 是形容词,所以用 so good。


18. 如何判断一个从句是不是状语从句?

可以按这个步骤判断。

第一步:找从属连词

常见状语从句引导词有:

when, while, before, after, because, if, although, so that, so…that, as…as, where 等

第二步:看从句是不是在说明主句动作的背景

问自己:

这个从句是在说明主句的时间、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、地点、方式或比较吗?

如果是,大概率就是状语从句。

第三步:看它是否修饰名词

如果从句修饰前面的名词,通常是定语从句。

例如:

This is the place where I lived.

where I lived 修饰 place,所以是定语从句。

但:

You can live where you like.

where you like 修饰 live 的地点,所以是地点状语从句。


19. 做题时的判断口诀

口诀 1:看意义

表时间,用 when / while / before / after
表原因,用 because / since / as
表条件,用 if / unless
表让步,用 although / though / even if
表目的,用 so that / in order that
表结果,用 so…that / such…that

口诀 2:时间条件不用 will

时间、条件状语从句中,一般现在时表示将来。

例如:

I will call you when I arrive.
If it rains, I will stay home.

口诀 3:中英连接词不要重复

中文常说:

虽然……但是……
因为……所以……

英语通常只保留一个:

Although…, …
Because…, …

或者:

…, but …
…, so …


20. 总结

状语从句的本质是:

用一个从句来修饰主句动作或整个主句,说明时间、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等。

最常见类型:

类型常见引导词例句
时间when, while, before, after, until, sinceI called him when I arrived.
原因because, since, asI stayed home because it rained.
条件if, unless, as long asIf it rains, I will stay home.
让步although, though, even ifAlthough he was tired, he worked.
目的so that, in order thatI got up early so that I could catch the train.
结果so…that, such…thatHe was so tired that he fell asleep.
比较than, as…asHe is taller than I am.
方式as, as ifDo as I told you.
地点where, whereverSit where you like.

最重要的三个考点:

时间、条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。
although 不和 but 连用;because 不和 so 连用。
同一个引导词可能引导不同从句,要看它在句子中的作用。