英语非谓语动词详解

非谓语动词是英语语法里非常重要、也很容易混淆的一部分。

可以先记住一句话:

非谓语动词 = 长得像动词,但在句子里不当谓语用的动词形式。


1. 什么是非谓语?

先看一个普通句子:

He plays basketball.
他打篮球。

这里 plays 是谓语动词,因为它说明主语 He 的动作。

谓语动词通常会体现:

人称、数、时态、语态、语气

例如:

He plays.
He played.
He is playing.
He has played.

这些都是谓语动词。

但是有些动词形式虽然来自动词,却不充当句子的谓语。

例如:

I want to play basketball.
我想打篮球。

这里 want 是谓语动词,而 to play 不是谓语。
它只是做 want 的宾语。

所以:

to play = 非谓语动词

再看:

Playing basketball is fun.
打篮球很有趣。

这里 playing basketball 整体做主语。
句子的谓语是:

is

所以 playing 不是谓语,而是非谓语。


2. 非谓语动词有哪几类?

英语中的非谓语主要有三大类:

类型形式例子基本含义
不定式to doto study去做 / 要做
动名词doingstudying做这件事
分词doing / donestudying / studied正在做 / 被做、已做

注意:doing 有两种身份:

形式名称主要作用
doing动名词像名词一样用
doing现在分词像形容词 / 副词一样用
done过去分词表被动或完成

3. 非谓语和谓语的核心区别

看这个句子:

He enjoys reading books.

这里:

成分内容
主语He
谓语enjoys
宾语reading books

enjoys 是谓语,reading 是非谓语。

为什么?

因为一个简单句通常只能有一个核心谓语。

不能说:

He enjoys reads books.

错误原因是:

enjoys 和 reads 都想当谓语,但一个简单句里不能直接放两个谓语。

所以第二个动作要变成非谓语:

He enjoys reading books.


4. 为什么英语需要非谓语?

因为英语经常需要表达:

一个句子里有多个动作,但只有一个动作当主要谓语,其他动作要降级处理。

例如中文可以说:

我想学习英语。
我喜欢学习英语。
坐在窗边的女孩是我妹妹。
被老师表扬的学生很开心。

英语中对应:

I want to study English.
I enjoy studying English.
The girl sitting by the window is my sister.
The student praised by the teacher was happy.

这些加粗部分都是非谓语。


5. 非谓语的三大形式总览

5.1 不定式:to do

基本感觉:

将来、目的、具体某次动作、还没发生的动作

例子:

I want to study abroad.
我想出国留学。

He came here to see me.
他来这里是为了见我。

It is important to learn grammar.
学语法很重要。

5.2 动名词:doing

基本感觉:

把动作当作一件事情 / 一个名词来看

例子:

Learning English takes time.
学英语需要时间。

I enjoy reading.
我喜欢阅读。

He is good at speaking English.
他擅长说英语。

5.3 分词:doing / done

分词主要像形容词或副词一样用。

现在分词 doing

基本感觉:

主动、进行

例子:

The boy standing there is my brother.
站在那里的男孩是我弟弟。

这里:

the boy is standing there

standing 表主动、进行。

过去分词 done

基本感觉:

被动、完成

例子:

The book written by him is popular.
他写的那本书很受欢迎。

这里:

the book was written by him

written 表被动。


6. 不定式 to do 详解

6.1 不定式做主语

To learn English well is difficult.
学好英语很难。

这里:

To learn English well

整体做主语。

不过英语中常用形式主语 it

It is difficult to learn English well.
学好英语很难。

结构:

It is + adjective + to do

例如:

It is important to review every day.
每天复习很重要。

It is necessary to sleep enough.
睡够很有必要。

6.2 不定式做宾语

有些动词后面常接 to do

例如:

I want to learn English.
我想学英语。

She decided to leave.
她决定离开。

He hopes to pass the exam.
他希望通过考试。

常见接 to do 的动词:

动词含义
want to do想做
hope to do希望做
decide to do决定做
plan to do计划做
agree to do同意做
refuse to do拒绝做
promise to do承诺做
expect to do期待做
learn to do学会做
manage to do设法做到

例句:

I plan to study abroad.
我计划出国留学。

He refused to answer the question.
他拒绝回答这个问题。

6.3 不定式做宾语补足语

结构:

动词 + 宾语 + to do

表示:

让 / 要求 / 希望某人做某事

例如:

I want him to help me.
我想让他帮我。

拆开:

成分内容
主语I
谓语want
宾语him
宾语补足语to help me

常见动词:

结构含义
want sb to do想让某人做
ask sb to do要求某人做
tell sb to do告诉某人做
advise sb to do建议某人做
allow sb to do允许某人做
encourage sb to do鼓励某人做
expect sb to do期待某人做
force sb to do强迫某人做

例句:

The teacher asked us to finish the homework.
老师要求我们完成作业。

My parents encouraged me to study harder.
父母鼓励我更努力学习。

6.4 省略 to 的不定式

有些动词后面的宾语补足语用 do,不用 to do

常见的是:

make, let, have
see, hear, watch, notice, feel

例如:

My mother made me clean the room.
妈妈让我打扫房间。

不是:

made me to clean

Let me help you.
让我帮你。

不是:

let me to help you

感官动词后:

I saw him enter the room.
我看见他进了房间。

这里 enter 表示看到了完整动作。

但是注意被动语态中 to 要回来:

He was made to clean the room.
他被要求打扫房间。

6.5 不定式做表语

My dream is to become a programmer.
我的梦想是成为程序员。

His job is to take care of children.
他的工作是照顾孩子。

这里不定式解释主语的内容。

6.6 不定式做定语

不定式可以修饰名词,常表示:

要做的、将要做的、可以做的

例如:

I have a lot of homework to do.
我有很多作业要做。

这里:

homework to do = 要做的作业

He needs a place to live.
他需要一个住的地方。

注意如果动词是不及物动词,要保留介词:

He needs a house to live in.
他需要一栋可以住的房子。

不能说:

a house to live

因为英语里是:

live in a house

6.7 不定式做状语

不定式经常表示目的、结果、原因。

表目的

He came here to see me.
他来这里是为了见我。

这里:

to see me = in order to see me

表结果

He grew up to become a famous writer.
他长大后成了一位著名作家。

表原因

I am happy to hear the news.
听到这个消息我很高兴。


7. 动名词 doing 详解

动名词的核心是:

把动作名词化,当作“做某事这件事”。

7.1 动名词做主语

Reading books is useful.
读书很有用。

Learning grammar helps you understand English.
学语法有助于你理解英语。

这里:

Reading books
Learning grammar

整体像名词一样做主语。

7.2 动名词做宾语

有些动词后面常接 doing

例如:

I enjoy reading novels.
我喜欢读小说。

He finished doing his homework.
他完成了作业。

常见接 doing 的动词:

动词含义
enjoy doing喜欢做
finish doing完成做
mind doing介意做
avoid doing避免做
practice doing练习做
suggest doing建议做
consider doing考虑做
keep doing继续做
give up doing放弃做
imagine doing想象做
miss doing错过做 / 怀念做

例句:

She avoids eating too much sugar.
她避免吃太多糖。

I practice speaking English every day.
我每天练习说英语。

7.3 动名词做介词宾语

介词后面如果接动词,通常用 doing

例如:

I am interested in learning English.
我对学英语感兴趣。

He is good at playing basketball.
他擅长打篮球。

Thank you for helping me.
谢谢你帮助我。

常见结构:

结构含义
be good at doing擅长做
be interested in doing对做某事感兴趣
be afraid of doing害怕做
look forward to doing期待做
be used to doing习惯做
give up doing放弃做
insist on doing坚持做
prevent sb from doing阻止某人做

注意:

look forward to doing

这里的 to 是介词,不是不定式符号。

所以正确:

I look forward to seeing you.

不是:

I look forward to see you.

7.4 动名词做表语

My hobby is reading.
我的爱好是阅读。

His favorite activity is playing games.
他最喜欢的活动是玩游戏。

这里 doing 表示一种活动。


8. 分词详解:现在分词和过去分词

分词主要有两类:

类型形式核心含义
现在分词doing主动、进行
过去分词done被动、完成

9. 现在分词 doing

现在分词的核心感觉是:

主动 / 进行 / 令人……的

9.1 现在分词做定语

现在分词可以修饰名词,表示主动或进行。

The boy playing soccer is my brother.
正在踢足球的男孩是我弟弟。

相当于:

The boy who is playing soccer is my brother.

The girl sitting by the window is my classmate.
坐在窗边的女孩是我的同学。

相当于:

The girl who is sitting by the window is my classmate.

单个现在分词也可以放在名词前:

a running boy
一个正在跑的男孩

a sleeping baby
一个正在睡觉的婴儿

9.2 现在分词做状语

现在分词做状语时,可以表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、结果等。

表伴随

He sat there, reading a book.
他坐在那里读书。

这里表示:

他坐在那里,同时在读书。

表原因

Feeling tired, he went to bed early.
因为感到累,他早早上床睡觉。

相当于:

Because he felt tired, he went to bed early.

表时间

Walking down the street, I saw an old friend.
走在街上时,我看见了一个老朋友。

相当于:

When I was walking down the street, I saw an old friend.

表结果

The fire spread quickly, destroying many houses.
大火迅速蔓延,烧毁了许多房屋。

这里 destroying many houses 表自然结果。

9.3 现在分词做宾语补足语

常见结构:

see / hear / watch / notice / feel + 宾语 + doing

表示:

看到 / 听到某人正在做某事

例如:

I saw him running across the street.
我看见他正在穿过街道。

对比:

I saw him run across the street.
我看见他跑过了街道。

区别:

句子含义
I saw him running across the street.看见他正在跑,强调过程
I saw him run across the street.看见他跑完整个动作,强调全过程

10. 过去分词 done

过去分词的核心感觉是:

被动 / 完成 / 感到……的

10.1 过去分词做定语

过去分词修饰名词,通常表示被动或完成。

The book written by him is popular.
他写的那本书很受欢迎。

相当于:

The book which was written by him is popular.

这里:

book 和 write 是被动关系
书是“被写”的

The window broken by the boy was repaired.
被那个男孩打破的窗户被修好了。

相当于:

The window which was broken by the boy was repaired.

单个过去分词也可以放在名词前:

a broken window
一扇破了的窗户

a used car
一辆二手车 / 用过的车

a written report
一份写好的报告

10.2 过去分词做状语

过去分词做状语时,通常表示被动、完成、原因、条件、让步等。

表原因

Moved by the story, she cried.
被这个故事感动,她哭了。

相当于:

Because she was moved by the story, she cried.

表时间

Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.
从山顶看,这座城市很美。

相当于:

When it is seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.

注意逻辑主语是:

the city

城市是“被看”的。

表条件

Given more time, we could finish the work.
如果给我们更多时间,我们可以完成工作。

相当于:

If we were given more time, we could finish the work.

10.3 过去分词做宾语补足语

结构:

have / get / make / keep / leave / see / hear / find + 宾语 + done

表示宾语被做。

例如:

I had my hair cut.
我剪了头发。

这里不是“我自己剪”,而是:

my hair was cut

I found the door locked.
我发现门锁着。

Please keep the door closed.
请保持门关着。


11. doing 和 done 的核心区别

这是非谓语里最重要的部分之一。

11.1 看逻辑关系:主动还是被动

doing 表主动

The girl standing there is my sister.
站在那里的女孩是我妹妹。

逻辑关系:

the girl stands there

女孩主动站在那里。

所以用:

standing

done 表被动

The book written by him is famous.
他写的那本书很有名。

逻辑关系:

the book was written by him

书是被写的。

所以用:

written

11.2 对比例句

句子关系用法
a falling leaf叶子正在落下doing,主动 / 进行
a fallen leaf已经落下的叶子done,完成
a boiling kettle正在烧开的水壶doing,主动 / 进行
boiled water烧开过的水done,完成 / 被动
a developing country正在发展的国家doing,主动 / 进行
a developed country发达国家done,完成

12. doing 和 to do 的区别

这也是非常重要的考点。

12.1 基本感觉

形式基本感觉
to do具体、将来、目的、未发生
doing一般性、习惯性、已经在做、作为一件事

12.2 做主语时的区别

两者都可以做主语:

To learn English is important.
学英语很重要。

Learning English is important.
学英语很重要。

细微区别:

形式感觉
To learn English偏具体目标、计划性
Learning English偏一般事实、活动本身

日常中更常用:

Learning English is important.

或者:

It is important to learn English.

12.3 动词后接 to do 或 doing

有些动词只能接 to do,有些只能接 doing,有些两者都可以但意思不同。

常接 to do

want, hope, decide, plan, agree, refuse, promise, expect, manage

例:

I decided to study abroad.
我决定出国留学。

常接 doing

enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, practice, suggest, consider, give up

例:

I enjoy studying English.
我喜欢学英语。


13. 接 to do 和 doing 意思不同的动词

有些动词后面接 to dodoing 意思差别很大。

13.1 remember

remember to do

表示:

记得去做某事
动作还没做

Remember to lock the door.
记得去锁门。

意思是:

门还没锁,要记得锁。

remember doing

表示:

记得做过某事
动作已经做了

I remember locking the door.
我记得锁过门。

意思是:

我记得自己已经锁了门。

13.2 forget

forget to do

I forgot to call him.
我忘记给他打电话了。

意思是:

我没有打电话。

forget doing

I forgot calling him.
我忘了自己给他打过电话。

意思是:

我打过电话,但忘记这件事了。

13.3 stop

stop to do

表示:

停下来去做另一件事

He stopped to rest.
他停下来休息。

意思是:

他停下原来的动作,然后去休息。

stop doing

表示:

停止正在做的事

He stopped working.
他停止工作。

意思是:

不再工作了。

13.4 try

try to do

表示:

努力尝试做某事

I tried to open the door.
我努力打开门。

可能成功,也可能失败。

try doing

表示:

试着用某种方法做

Try pressing this button.
试着按这个按钮。

意思是:

按按钮这个方法可能有用。

13.5 mean

mean to do

表示:

打算做

I didn’t mean to hurt you.
我不是有意伤害你。

mean doing

表示:

意味着做

Success means working hard.
成功意味着努力工作。

13.6 go on

go on to do

表示:

接着做另一件事

After finishing college, he went on to study abroad.
大学毕业后,他继续出国留学。

go on doing

表示:

继续做同一件事

He went on talking.
他继续说下去。


14. 非谓语的否定形式

非谓语的否定一般是在前面加 not

14.1 not to do

He told me not to be late.
他告诉我不要迟到。

I decided not to go.
我决定不去。

14.2 not doing

I regret not studying harder.
我后悔没有更努力学习。

He left without saying goodbye.
他没说再见就离开了。

14.3 not done

Not invited, he didn’t attend the party.
因为没有被邀请,他没有参加聚会。


15. 非谓语的逻辑主语

非谓语虽然不是谓语,但它表示的动作也有“谁做”或“谁被做”的问题。

这个“谁”叫:

逻辑主语

15.1 不定式的逻辑主语

It is important for us to learn English.
对我们来说,学英语很重要。

这里:

us 是 to learn English 的逻辑主语
是我们学习英语

结构:

It is + adjective + for sb + to do

有些形容词表示人的品质时,用 of sb

It is kind of you to help me.
你帮助我真善良。

这里强调:

you are kind

常见形容词:

kind, nice, clever, foolish, polite, rude, careless

例如:

It was careless of him to make such a mistake.
他犯这样的错误真粗心。

15.2 动名词的逻辑主语

动名词前可以用所有格或宾格表示逻辑主语。

I don’t mind your opening the window.
我不介意你打开窗户。

也常说:

I don’t mind you opening the window.

正式程度上:

形式风格
your opening更正式
you opening更口语

15.3 分词的逻辑主语

分词做状语时,它的逻辑主语通常必须和主句主语一致。

正确:

Walking down the street, I saw an old friend.
走在街上时,我看见了一个老朋友。

这里:

walking 的逻辑主语是 I
I was walking down the street

错误:

Walking down the street, an old friend saw me.

这个句子的字面意思会变成:

一个老朋友走在街上时,看见了我。

如果你想表达“我走在街上时,一个老朋友看见了我”,应该说:

When I was walking down the street, an old friend saw me.

这类错误叫:

悬垂分词 / 垂悬结构


16. 独立主格结构

当分词的逻辑主语和主句主语不一致时,可以用独立主格结构。

结构:

名词 / 代词 + doing / done / adjective / prepositional phrase

例如:

Weather permitting, we will go hiking.
如果天气允许,我们会去徒步。

这里:

weather 是 permitting 的逻辑主语

完整形式接近:

If weather permits, we will go hiking.

The work finished, we went home.
工作完成后,我们回家了。

这里:

the work 是 finished 的逻辑主语
工作是被完成的

His homework done, he went out to play.
作业完成后,他出去玩了。


17. 非谓语和从句的转换

非谓语经常可以和从句互相转换。

17.1 定语从句 → 分词短语

主动进行

The boy who is standing there is my brother.

可以改成:

The boy standing there is my brother.

被动

The book which was written by him is popular.

可以改成:

The book written by him is popular.

17.2 状语从句 → 分词短语

原因状语从句

Because he felt tired, he went to bed early.

可以改成:

Feeling tired, he went to bed early.

时间状语从句

When I was walking home, I saw a cat.

可以改成:

Walking home, I saw a cat.

被动状语从句

Because she was moved by the story, she cried.

可以改成:

Moved by the story, she cried.

17.3 名词性从句 → 不定式结构

有时名词性从句可以转成:

疑问词 + to do

例如:

I don’t know what I should do.

可以说:

I don’t know what to do.
我不知道该做什么。

He asked where he should go.

可以说:

He asked where to go.
他问该去哪里。


18. 常见错误讲解

错误 1:一个简单句里出现两个谓语

错误:

I want learn English.

正确:

I want to learn English.

原因:

want 是谓语,learn 不能再直接做谓语,要变成非谓语 to learn。

错误:

He enjoys read books.

正确:

He enjoys reading books.

原因:

enjoy 后面接 doing。

错误 2:介词后接动词原形

错误:

I am interested in learn English.

正确:

I am interested in learning English.

原因:

介词 in 后面接动词时,要用 doing。

错误 3:to 后面一定接动词原形吗?

不一定。

如果 to 是不定式符号,后面接动词原形:

I want to learn English.

如果 to 是介词,后面接 doing:

I look forward to seeing you.

常见 to 是介词 的结构:

结构含义
look forward to doing期待做
be used to doing习惯做
object to doing反对做
pay attention to doing注意做
devote oneself to doing致力于做
lead to doing导致做

错误 4:doing 和 done 混用

错误:

The book writing by him is popular.

正确:

The book written by him is popular.

原因:

book 和 write 是被动关系。
书是“被写”的,所以用过去分词 written。

错误:

The boy stood there is my brother.

正确:

The boy standing there is my brother.

原因:

boy 和 stand 是主动关系。
男孩主动站在那里,所以用 standing。

错误 5:分词逻辑主语错误

错误:

Walking down the street, a wallet was found.

这个句子字面上好像是:

一个钱包在街上走着,然后被发现了。

正确:

Walking down the street, I found a wallet.

或者:

When I was walking down the street, I found a wallet.

原因:

walking 的逻辑主语应该是 I,而不是 wallet。


19. 做题时如何判断用哪种非谓语?

可以按这个步骤来。

第一步:判断是否需要非谓语

如果一个句子里已经有谓语动词,而另一个动作没有连词连接,就要考虑非谓语。

错误:

I want go home.

已有谓语:

want

所以 go 要变成非谓语:

I want to go home.

第二步:看固定搭配

动词后面常常有固定搭配:

want to do
enjoy doing
make sb do
ask sb to do
look forward to doing

例如:

I enjoy ___ English.

enjoy 后接 doing:

I enjoy learning English.

第三步:看逻辑关系

如果是修饰名词或做状语,要看逻辑关系:

关系用法
主动 / 进行doing
被动 / 完成done
目的 / 将来to do

例:

The girl ___ by the window is my sister.

girl 和 sit 是主动关系:

the girl is sitting

所以:

The girl sitting by the window is my sister.

The book ___ by him is famous.

book 和 write 是被动关系:

the book was written

所以:

The book written by him is famous.

I have a lot of homework ___.

表示“要做的作业”,偏将来 / 任务:

I have a lot of homework to do.


20. 非谓语总结表

类型形式核心含义常见作用例句
不定式to do目的、将来、具体动作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语I want to learn English.
动名词doing动作名词化主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语Reading is useful.
现在分词doing主动、进行定语、状语、补语The boy standing there is my brother.
过去分词done被动、完成定语、状语、补语The book written by him is famous.

21. 最核心的记忆口诀

口诀 1:一个句子一个核心谓语

没有连词时,第二个动词通常要变成非谓语。

错误:

I want learn English.

正确:

I want to learn English.

口诀 2:to do 偏将来 / 目的,doing 偏动作本身

I want to study English.
我想去学英语。

I enjoy studying English.
我喜欢学英语这件事。

口诀 3:doing 主动,done 被动

the boy standing there
站在那里的男孩

the book written by him
被他写的书

口诀 4:介词后用 doing

be good at speaking English
look forward to seeing you
be interested in learning grammar


22. 最终总结

非谓语动词就是:

动词不做谓语,而是去做主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等成分。

主要三大类:

to do:不定式
doing:动名词 / 现在分词
done:过去分词

判断时最重要的是三点:

看固定搭配:want to do / enjoy doing / ask sb to do
看逻辑关系:主动用 doing,被动用 done
看意义:目的、将来常用 to do;动作本身常用 doing