英语非谓语动词详解
非谓语动词是英语语法里非常重要、也很容易混淆的一部分。
可以先记住一句话:
非谓语动词 = 长得像动词,但在句子里不当谓语用的动词形式。
1. 什么是非谓语?
先看一个普通句子:
He plays basketball.
他打篮球。
这里 plays 是谓语动词,因为它说明主语 He 的动作。
谓语动词通常会体现:
人称、数、时态、语态、语气
例如:
He plays.
He played.
He is playing.
He has played.
这些都是谓语动词。
但是有些动词形式虽然来自动词,却不充当句子的谓语。
例如:
I want to play basketball.
我想打篮球。
这里 want 是谓语动词,而 to play 不是谓语。
它只是做 want 的宾语。
所以:
to play = 非谓语动词
再看:
Playing basketball is fun.
打篮球很有趣。
这里 playing basketball 整体做主语。
句子的谓语是:
is
所以 playing 不是谓语,而是非谓语。
2. 非谓语动词有哪几类?
英语中的非谓语主要有三大类:
| 类型 | 形式 | 例子 | 基本含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 不定式 | to do | to study | 去做 / 要做 |
| 动名词 | doing | studying | 做这件事 |
| 分词 | doing / done | studying / studied | 正在做 / 被做、已做 |
注意:doing 有两种身份:
| 形式 | 名称 | 主要作用 |
|---|---|---|
| doing | 动名词 | 像名词一样用 |
| doing | 现在分词 | 像形容词 / 副词一样用 |
| done | 过去分词 | 表被动或完成 |
3. 非谓语和谓语的核心区别
看这个句子:
He enjoys reading books.
这里:
| 成分 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 主语 | He |
| 谓语 | enjoys |
| 宾语 | reading books |
enjoys 是谓语,reading 是非谓语。
为什么?
因为一个简单句通常只能有一个核心谓语。
不能说:
He enjoys reads books.
错误原因是:
enjoys 和 reads 都想当谓语,但一个简单句里不能直接放两个谓语。
所以第二个动作要变成非谓语:
He enjoys reading books.
4. 为什么英语需要非谓语?
因为英语经常需要表达:
一个句子里有多个动作,但只有一个动作当主要谓语,其他动作要降级处理。
例如中文可以说:
我想学习英语。
我喜欢学习英语。
坐在窗边的女孩是我妹妹。
被老师表扬的学生很开心。
英语中对应:
I want to study English.
I enjoy studying English.
The girl sitting by the window is my sister.
The student praised by the teacher was happy.
这些加粗部分都是非谓语。
5. 非谓语的三大形式总览
5.1 不定式:to do
基本感觉:
将来、目的、具体某次动作、还没发生的动作
例子:
I want to study abroad.
我想出国留学。
He came here to see me.
他来这里是为了见我。
It is important to learn grammar.
学语法很重要。
5.2 动名词:doing
基本感觉:
把动作当作一件事情 / 一个名词来看
例子:
Learning English takes time.
学英语需要时间。
I enjoy reading.
我喜欢阅读。
He is good at speaking English.
他擅长说英语。
5.3 分词:doing / done
分词主要像形容词或副词一样用。
现在分词 doing
基本感觉:
主动、进行
例子:
The boy standing there is my brother.
站在那里的男孩是我弟弟。
这里:
the boy is standing there
standing 表主动、进行。
过去分词 done
基本感觉:
被动、完成
例子:
The book written by him is popular.
他写的那本书很受欢迎。
这里:
the book was written by him
written 表被动。
6. 不定式 to do 详解
6.1 不定式做主语
To learn English well is difficult.
学好英语很难。
这里:
To learn English well
整体做主语。
不过英语中常用形式主语 it:
It is difficult to learn English well.
学好英语很难。
结构:
It is + adjective + to do
例如:
It is important to review every day.
每天复习很重要。
It is necessary to sleep enough.
睡够很有必要。
6.2 不定式做宾语
有些动词后面常接 to do。
例如:
I want to learn English.
我想学英语。
She decided to leave.
她决定离开。
He hopes to pass the exam.
他希望通过考试。
常见接 to do 的动词:
| 动词 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| want to do | 想做 |
| hope to do | 希望做 |
| decide to do | 决定做 |
| plan to do | 计划做 |
| agree to do | 同意做 |
| refuse to do | 拒绝做 |
| promise to do | 承诺做 |
| expect to do | 期待做 |
| learn to do | 学会做 |
| manage to do | 设法做到 |
例句:
I plan to study abroad.
我计划出国留学。
He refused to answer the question.
他拒绝回答这个问题。
6.3 不定式做宾语补足语
结构:
动词 + 宾语 + to do
表示:
让 / 要求 / 希望某人做某事
例如:
I want him to help me.
我想让他帮我。
拆开:
| 成分 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 主语 | I |
| 谓语 | want |
| 宾语 | him |
| 宾语补足语 | to help me |
常见动词:
| 结构 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| want sb to do | 想让某人做 |
| ask sb to do | 要求某人做 |
| tell sb to do | 告诉某人做 |
| advise sb to do | 建议某人做 |
| allow sb to do | 允许某人做 |
| encourage sb to do | 鼓励某人做 |
| expect sb to do | 期待某人做 |
| force sb to do | 强迫某人做 |
例句:
The teacher asked us to finish the homework.
老师要求我们完成作业。
My parents encouraged me to study harder.
父母鼓励我更努力学习。
6.4 省略 to 的不定式
有些动词后面的宾语补足语用 do,不用 to do。
常见的是:
make, let, have
see, hear, watch, notice, feel
例如:
My mother made me clean the room.
妈妈让我打扫房间。
不是:
made me to clean
Let me help you.
让我帮你。
不是:
let me to help you
感官动词后:
I saw him enter the room.
我看见他进了房间。
这里 enter 表示看到了完整动作。
但是注意被动语态中 to 要回来:
He was made to clean the room.
他被要求打扫房间。
6.5 不定式做表语
My dream is to become a programmer.
我的梦想是成为程序员。
His job is to take care of children.
他的工作是照顾孩子。
这里不定式解释主语的内容。
6.6 不定式做定语
不定式可以修饰名词,常表示:
要做的、将要做的、可以做的
例如:
I have a lot of homework to do.
我有很多作业要做。
这里:
homework to do = 要做的作业
He needs a place to live.
他需要一个住的地方。
注意如果动词是不及物动词,要保留介词:
He needs a house to live in.
他需要一栋可以住的房子。
不能说:
a house to live
因为英语里是:
live in a house
6.7 不定式做状语
不定式经常表示目的、结果、原因。
表目的
He came here to see me.
他来这里是为了见我。
这里:
to see me = in order to see me
表结果
He grew up to become a famous writer.
他长大后成了一位著名作家。
表原因
I am happy to hear the news.
听到这个消息我很高兴。
7. 动名词 doing 详解
动名词的核心是:
把动作名词化,当作“做某事这件事”。
7.1 动名词做主语
Reading books is useful.
读书很有用。
Learning grammar helps you understand English.
学语法有助于你理解英语。
这里:
Reading books
Learning grammar
整体像名词一样做主语。
7.2 动名词做宾语
有些动词后面常接 doing。
例如:
I enjoy reading novels.
我喜欢读小说。
He finished doing his homework.
他完成了作业。
常见接 doing 的动词:
| 动词 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| enjoy doing | 喜欢做 |
| finish doing | 完成做 |
| mind doing | 介意做 |
| avoid doing | 避免做 |
| practice doing | 练习做 |
| suggest doing | 建议做 |
| consider doing | 考虑做 |
| keep doing | 继续做 |
| give up doing | 放弃做 |
| imagine doing | 想象做 |
| miss doing | 错过做 / 怀念做 |
例句:
She avoids eating too much sugar.
她避免吃太多糖。
I practice speaking English every day.
我每天练习说英语。
7.3 动名词做介词宾语
介词后面如果接动词,通常用 doing。
例如:
I am interested in learning English.
我对学英语感兴趣。
He is good at playing basketball.
他擅长打篮球。
Thank you for helping me.
谢谢你帮助我。
常见结构:
| 结构 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| be good at doing | 擅长做 |
| be interested in doing | 对做某事感兴趣 |
| be afraid of doing | 害怕做 |
| look forward to doing | 期待做 |
| be used to doing | 习惯做 |
| give up doing | 放弃做 |
| insist on doing | 坚持做 |
| prevent sb from doing | 阻止某人做 |
注意:
look forward to doing
这里的 to 是介词,不是不定式符号。
所以正确:
I look forward to seeing you.
不是:
I look forward to see you.
7.4 动名词做表语
My hobby is reading.
我的爱好是阅读。
His favorite activity is playing games.
他最喜欢的活动是玩游戏。
这里 doing 表示一种活动。
8. 分词详解:现在分词和过去分词
分词主要有两类:
| 类型 | 形式 | 核心含义 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在分词 | doing | 主动、进行 |
| 过去分词 | done | 被动、完成 |
9. 现在分词 doing
现在分词的核心感觉是:
主动 / 进行 / 令人……的
9.1 现在分词做定语
现在分词可以修饰名词,表示主动或进行。
The boy playing soccer is my brother.
正在踢足球的男孩是我弟弟。
相当于:
The boy who is playing soccer is my brother.
The girl sitting by the window is my classmate.
坐在窗边的女孩是我的同学。
相当于:
The girl who is sitting by the window is my classmate.
单个现在分词也可以放在名词前:
a running boy
一个正在跑的男孩
a sleeping baby
一个正在睡觉的婴儿
9.2 现在分词做状语
现在分词做状语时,可以表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、结果等。
表伴随
He sat there, reading a book.
他坐在那里读书。
这里表示:
他坐在那里,同时在读书。
表原因
Feeling tired, he went to bed early.
因为感到累,他早早上床睡觉。
相当于:
Because he felt tired, he went to bed early.
表时间
Walking down the street, I saw an old friend.
走在街上时,我看见了一个老朋友。
相当于:
When I was walking down the street, I saw an old friend.
表结果
The fire spread quickly, destroying many houses.
大火迅速蔓延,烧毁了许多房屋。
这里 destroying many houses 表自然结果。
9.3 现在分词做宾语补足语
常见结构:
see / hear / watch / notice / feel + 宾语 + doing
表示:
看到 / 听到某人正在做某事
例如:
I saw him running across the street.
我看见他正在穿过街道。
对比:
I saw him run across the street.
我看见他跑过了街道。
区别:
| 句子 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| I saw him running across the street. | 看见他正在跑,强调过程 |
| I saw him run across the street. | 看见他跑完整个动作,强调全过程 |
10. 过去分词 done
过去分词的核心感觉是:
被动 / 完成 / 感到……的
10.1 过去分词做定语
过去分词修饰名词,通常表示被动或完成。
The book written by him is popular.
他写的那本书很受欢迎。
相当于:
The book which was written by him is popular.
这里:
book 和 write 是被动关系
书是“被写”的
The window broken by the boy was repaired.
被那个男孩打破的窗户被修好了。
相当于:
The window which was broken by the boy was repaired.
单个过去分词也可以放在名词前:
a broken window
一扇破了的窗户
a used car
一辆二手车 / 用过的车
a written report
一份写好的报告
10.2 过去分词做状语
过去分词做状语时,通常表示被动、完成、原因、条件、让步等。
表原因
Moved by the story, she cried.
被这个故事感动,她哭了。
相当于:
Because she was moved by the story, she cried.
表时间
Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.
从山顶看,这座城市很美。
相当于:
When it is seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.
注意逻辑主语是:
the city
城市是“被看”的。
表条件
Given more time, we could finish the work.
如果给我们更多时间,我们可以完成工作。
相当于:
If we were given more time, we could finish the work.
10.3 过去分词做宾语补足语
结构:
have / get / make / keep / leave / see / hear / find + 宾语 + done
表示宾语被做。
例如:
I had my hair cut.
我剪了头发。
这里不是“我自己剪”,而是:
my hair was cut
I found the door locked.
我发现门锁着。
Please keep the door closed.
请保持门关着。
11. doing 和 done 的核心区别
这是非谓语里最重要的部分之一。
11.1 看逻辑关系:主动还是被动
doing 表主动
The girl standing there is my sister.
站在那里的女孩是我妹妹。
逻辑关系:
the girl stands there
女孩主动站在那里。
所以用:
standing
done 表被动
The book written by him is famous.
他写的那本书很有名。
逻辑关系:
the book was written by him
书是被写的。
所以用:
written
11.2 对比例句
| 句子 | 关系 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| a falling leaf | 叶子正在落下 | doing,主动 / 进行 |
| a fallen leaf | 已经落下的叶子 | done,完成 |
| a boiling kettle | 正在烧开的水壶 | doing,主动 / 进行 |
| boiled water | 烧开过的水 | done,完成 / 被动 |
| a developing country | 正在发展的国家 | doing,主动 / 进行 |
| a developed country | 发达国家 | done,完成 |
12. doing 和 to do 的区别
这也是非常重要的考点。
12.1 基本感觉
| 形式 | 基本感觉 |
|---|---|
| to do | 具体、将来、目的、未发生 |
| doing | 一般性、习惯性、已经在做、作为一件事 |
12.2 做主语时的区别
两者都可以做主语:
To learn English is important.
学英语很重要。
Learning English is important.
学英语很重要。
细微区别:
| 形式 | 感觉 |
|---|---|
| To learn English | 偏具体目标、计划性 |
| Learning English | 偏一般事实、活动本身 |
日常中更常用:
Learning English is important.
或者:
It is important to learn English.
12.3 动词后接 to do 或 doing
有些动词只能接 to do,有些只能接 doing,有些两者都可以但意思不同。
常接 to do
want, hope, decide, plan, agree, refuse, promise, expect, manage
例:
I decided to study abroad.
我决定出国留学。
常接 doing
enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, practice, suggest, consider, give up
例:
I enjoy studying English.
我喜欢学英语。
13. 接 to do 和 doing 意思不同的动词
有些动词后面接 to do 和 doing 意思差别很大。
13.1 remember
remember to do
表示:
记得去做某事
动作还没做
Remember to lock the door.
记得去锁门。
意思是:
门还没锁,要记得锁。
remember doing
表示:
记得做过某事
动作已经做了
I remember locking the door.
我记得锁过门。
意思是:
我记得自己已经锁了门。
13.2 forget
forget to do
I forgot to call him.
我忘记给他打电话了。
意思是:
我没有打电话。
forget doing
I forgot calling him.
我忘了自己给他打过电话。
意思是:
我打过电话,但忘记这件事了。
13.3 stop
stop to do
表示:
停下来去做另一件事
He stopped to rest.
他停下来休息。
意思是:
他停下原来的动作,然后去休息。
stop doing
表示:
停止正在做的事
He stopped working.
他停止工作。
意思是:
不再工作了。
13.4 try
try to do
表示:
努力尝试做某事
I tried to open the door.
我努力打开门。
可能成功,也可能失败。
try doing
表示:
试着用某种方法做
Try pressing this button.
试着按这个按钮。
意思是:
按按钮这个方法可能有用。
13.5 mean
mean to do
表示:
打算做
I didn’t mean to hurt you.
我不是有意伤害你。
mean doing
表示:
意味着做
Success means working hard.
成功意味着努力工作。
13.6 go on
go on to do
表示:
接着做另一件事
After finishing college, he went on to study abroad.
大学毕业后,他继续出国留学。
go on doing
表示:
继续做同一件事
He went on talking.
他继续说下去。
14. 非谓语的否定形式
非谓语的否定一般是在前面加 not。
14.1 not to do
He told me not to be late.
他告诉我不要迟到。
I decided not to go.
我决定不去。
14.2 not doing
I regret not studying harder.
我后悔没有更努力学习。
He left without saying goodbye.
他没说再见就离开了。
14.3 not done
Not invited, he didn’t attend the party.
因为没有被邀请,他没有参加聚会。
15. 非谓语的逻辑主语
非谓语虽然不是谓语,但它表示的动作也有“谁做”或“谁被做”的问题。
这个“谁”叫:
逻辑主语
15.1 不定式的逻辑主语
It is important for us to learn English.
对我们来说,学英语很重要。
这里:
us 是 to learn English 的逻辑主语
是我们学习英语
结构:
It is + adjective + for sb + to do
有些形容词表示人的品质时,用 of sb:
It is kind of you to help me.
你帮助我真善良。
这里强调:
you are kind
常见形容词:
kind, nice, clever, foolish, polite, rude, careless
例如:
It was careless of him to make such a mistake.
他犯这样的错误真粗心。
15.2 动名词的逻辑主语
动名词前可以用所有格或宾格表示逻辑主语。
I don’t mind your opening the window.
我不介意你打开窗户。
也常说:
I don’t mind you opening the window.
正式程度上:
| 形式 | 风格 |
|---|---|
| your opening | 更正式 |
| you opening | 更口语 |
15.3 分词的逻辑主语
分词做状语时,它的逻辑主语通常必须和主句主语一致。
正确:
Walking down the street, I saw an old friend.
走在街上时,我看见了一个老朋友。
这里:
walking 的逻辑主语是 I
I was walking down the street
错误:
Walking down the street, an old friend saw me.
这个句子的字面意思会变成:
一个老朋友走在街上时,看见了我。
如果你想表达“我走在街上时,一个老朋友看见了我”,应该说:
When I was walking down the street, an old friend saw me.
这类错误叫:
悬垂分词 / 垂悬结构
16. 独立主格结构
当分词的逻辑主语和主句主语不一致时,可以用独立主格结构。
结构:
名词 / 代词 + doing / done / adjective / prepositional phrase
例如:
Weather permitting, we will go hiking.
如果天气允许,我们会去徒步。
这里:
weather 是 permitting 的逻辑主语
完整形式接近:
If weather permits, we will go hiking.
The work finished, we went home.
工作完成后,我们回家了。
这里:
the work 是 finished 的逻辑主语
工作是被完成的
His homework done, he went out to play.
作业完成后,他出去玩了。
17. 非谓语和从句的转换
非谓语经常可以和从句互相转换。
17.1 定语从句 → 分词短语
主动进行
The boy who is standing there is my brother.
可以改成:
The boy standing there is my brother.
被动
The book which was written by him is popular.
可以改成:
The book written by him is popular.
17.2 状语从句 → 分词短语
原因状语从句
Because he felt tired, he went to bed early.
可以改成:
Feeling tired, he went to bed early.
时间状语从句
When I was walking home, I saw a cat.
可以改成:
Walking home, I saw a cat.
被动状语从句
Because she was moved by the story, she cried.
可以改成:
Moved by the story, she cried.
17.3 名词性从句 → 不定式结构
有时名词性从句可以转成:
疑问词 + to do
例如:
I don’t know what I should do.
可以说:
I don’t know what to do.
我不知道该做什么。
He asked where he should go.
可以说:
He asked where to go.
他问该去哪里。
18. 常见错误讲解
错误 1:一个简单句里出现两个谓语
错误:
I want learn English.
正确:
I want to learn English.
原因:
want 是谓语,learn 不能再直接做谓语,要变成非谓语 to learn。
错误:
He enjoys read books.
正确:
He enjoys reading books.
原因:
enjoy 后面接 doing。
错误 2:介词后接动词原形
错误:
I am interested in learn English.
正确:
I am interested in learning English.
原因:
介词 in 后面接动词时,要用 doing。
错误 3:to 后面一定接动词原形吗?
不一定。
如果 to 是不定式符号,后面接动词原形:
I want to learn English.
如果 to 是介词,后面接 doing:
I look forward to seeing you.
常见 to 是介词 的结构:
| 结构 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| look forward to doing | 期待做 |
| be used to doing | 习惯做 |
| object to doing | 反对做 |
| pay attention to doing | 注意做 |
| devote oneself to doing | 致力于做 |
| lead to doing | 导致做 |
错误 4:doing 和 done 混用
错误:
The book writing by him is popular.
正确:
The book written by him is popular.
原因:
book 和 write 是被动关系。
书是“被写”的,所以用过去分词 written。
错误:
The boy stood there is my brother.
正确:
The boy standing there is my brother.
原因:
boy 和 stand 是主动关系。
男孩主动站在那里,所以用 standing。
错误 5:分词逻辑主语错误
错误:
Walking down the street, a wallet was found.
这个句子字面上好像是:
一个钱包在街上走着,然后被发现了。
正确:
Walking down the street, I found a wallet.
或者:
When I was walking down the street, I found a wallet.
原因:
walking 的逻辑主语应该是 I,而不是 wallet。
19. 做题时如何判断用哪种非谓语?
可以按这个步骤来。
第一步:判断是否需要非谓语
如果一个句子里已经有谓语动词,而另一个动作没有连词连接,就要考虑非谓语。
错误:
I want go home.
已有谓语:
want
所以 go 要变成非谓语:
I want to go home.
第二步:看固定搭配
动词后面常常有固定搭配:
want to do
enjoy doing
make sb do
ask sb to do
look forward to doing
例如:
I enjoy ___ English.
enjoy 后接 doing:
I enjoy learning English.
第三步:看逻辑关系
如果是修饰名词或做状语,要看逻辑关系:
| 关系 | 用法 |
|---|---|
| 主动 / 进行 | doing |
| 被动 / 完成 | done |
| 目的 / 将来 | to do |
例:
The girl ___ by the window is my sister.
girl 和 sit 是主动关系:
the girl is sitting
所以:
The girl sitting by the window is my sister.
The book ___ by him is famous.
book 和 write 是被动关系:
the book was written
所以:
The book written by him is famous.
I have a lot of homework ___.
表示“要做的作业”,偏将来 / 任务:
I have a lot of homework to do.
20. 非谓语总结表
| 类型 | 形式 | 核心含义 | 常见作用 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 不定式 | to do | 目的、将来、具体动作 | 主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语 | I want to learn English. |
| 动名词 | doing | 动作名词化 | 主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语 | Reading is useful. |
| 现在分词 | doing | 主动、进行 | 定语、状语、补语 | The boy standing there is my brother. |
| 过去分词 | done | 被动、完成 | 定语、状语、补语 | The book written by him is famous. |
21. 最核心的记忆口诀
口诀 1:一个句子一个核心谓语
没有连词时,第二个动词通常要变成非谓语。
错误:
I want learn English.
正确:
I want to learn English.
口诀 2:to do 偏将来 / 目的,doing 偏动作本身
I want to study English.
我想去学英语。
I enjoy studying English.
我喜欢学英语这件事。
口诀 3:doing 主动,done 被动
the boy standing there
站在那里的男孩
the book written by him
被他写的书
口诀 4:介词后用 doing
be good at speaking English
look forward to seeing you
be interested in learning grammar
22. 最终总结
非谓语动词就是:
动词不做谓语,而是去做主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等成分。
主要三大类:
to do:不定式
doing:动名词 / 现在分词
done:过去分词
判断时最重要的是三点:
看固定搭配:want to do / enjoy doing / ask sb to do
看逻辑关系:主动用 doing,被动用 done
看意义:目的、将来常用 to do;动作本身常用 doing