非谓语动词和从句的关系详解

可以先记住一个核心观点:

非谓语动词本质上经常是“从句的简化形式”。
它可以把原本较长的从句压缩成更短、更紧凑的结构。

也就是说,很多非谓语结构都可以还原成一个从句;反过来,很多从句也可以简化成非谓语结构。


1. 先明确:从句和非谓语的共同点

从句和非谓语都可以表达一个“附加动作”或“附加信息”。

例如:

The boy who is standing there is my brother.
站在那里的那个男孩是我弟弟。

这里:

who is standing there

定语从句,修饰 the boy。

也可以改成:

The boy standing there is my brother.

这里:

standing there

现在分词短语,也是修饰 the boy。

这两句话表达的意思基本一样。

所以你可以理解为:

从句 = 完整句子形式的附加信息
非谓语 = 压缩后的附加信息


2. 从句和非谓语的最大区别

从句有自己的主语和谓语

例如:

The boy who is standing there is my brother.

定语从句是:

who is standing there

其中:

成分内容
主语who
谓语is standing

从句内部有自己的主谓结构。

非谓语没有真正的谓语

The boy standing there is my brother.

这里:

standing there

不是完整句子。
它没有真正的谓语,也没有明确写出的主语。

但是它有一个隐藏的逻辑主语:

standing 的逻辑主语 = the boy

所以:

The boy standing there
= the boy who is standing there


3. 非谓语为什么可以替代从句?

因为英语为了简洁,经常把重复的信息省略掉。

看这个句子:

The boy who is standing there is my brother.

这里 who 指代:

the boy

所以从句可以理解为:

the boy is standing there

而主句里已经有 the boy 了,所以从句中的:

who is

可以省略,留下:

standing there

于是变成:

The boy standing there is my brother.

也就是说:

当从句的主语和主句中的某个名词一致时,从句常常可以简化成非谓语。


4. 非谓语和定语从句的关系

这是最常见、最重要的一类关系。

定语从句修饰名词,而非谓语短语也可以修饰名词。


4.1 现在分词 doing ≈ 主动 / 进行的定语从句

从句形式

The girl who is sitting by the window is my classmate.
坐在窗边的女孩是我的同学。

非谓语形式

The girl sitting by the window is my classmate.

这里:

sitting by the window
= who is sitting by the window

因为:

the girl is sitting by the window

girl 和 sit 是主动关系,而且动作正在进行,所以用 doing

再看:

The man who is talking to the teacher is my father.
正在和老师说话的男人是我父亲。

可以改成:

The man talking to the teacher is my father.


4.2 过去分词 done ≈ 被动的定语从句

从句形式

The book which was written by him is famous.
他写的那本书很有名。

非谓语形式

The book written by him is famous.

这里:

written by him
= which was written by him

因为:

the book was written by him

book 和 write 是被动关系,所以用 done

再看:

The window which was broken by the boy has been repaired.
被那个男孩打破的窗户已经修好了。

可以改成:

The window broken by the boy has been repaired.


4.3 不定式 to do ≈ 将来 / 目的 / 要做的定语从句

不定式做定语时,常表示:

将要做的、可以做的、需要做的

例如:

I have a lot of homework to do.
我有很多作业要做。

可以理解为:

I have a lot of homework that I need to do.

这里:

to do

表示“还没有做,将要做”。

再看:

He is the first person to arrive.
他是第一个到达的人。

可以理解为:

He is the first person who arrived.

不过这里不是单纯的进行或被动,而是带有“第一个做某事”的意义,所以用不定式。


4.4 对比总结:非谓语修饰名词

原从句非谓语关系例句
who is doingdoing主动 / 进行the boy standing there
which was donedone被动 / 完成the book written by him
who will do / that should be doneto do将来 / 目的 / 待完成homework to do

5. 非谓语和状语从句的关系

非谓语也经常由状语从句简化而来。

状语从句表示:

时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随等

而分词短语也可以表示这些关系。


5.1 现在分词 doing ≈ 主动的状语从句

表时间

从句形式:

When I was walking down the street, I saw an old friend.
当我走在街上时,我看见了一个老朋友。

非谓语形式:

Walking down the street, I saw an old friend.

这里:

walking 的逻辑主语是 I

因为:

I was walking down the street.

所以可以简化。

表原因

从句形式:

Because he felt tired, he went to bed early.
因为他感到累,他早早睡觉了。

非谓语形式:

Feeling tired, he went to bed early.

这里:

feeling 的逻辑主语是 he

因为:

he felt tired

所以用 doing。

表伴随

He sat on the sofa, watching TV.
他坐在沙发上看电视。

可以理解为:

He sat on the sofa and watched TV.

这里不是严格的状语从句简化,而是表示两个动作同时存在:

坐着 + 看电视

表自然结果

The fire spread quickly, destroying many houses.
大火迅速蔓延,烧毁了许多房屋。

可以理解为:

The fire spread quickly, and as a result, it destroyed many houses.

这里 destroying many houses 表示自然而然造成的结果。


5.2 过去分词 done ≈ 被动的状语从句

表原因

从句形式:

Because she was moved by the story, she cried.
因为她被这个故事感动了,她哭了。

非谓语形式:

Moved by the story, she cried.

这里:

she was moved by the story

she 和 move 是被动关系,所以用 moved

表时间

从句形式:

When it is seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.
当这座城市从山顶被看时,它很美。

非谓语形式:

Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.

这里:

the city is seen from the top of the mountain

city 和 see 是被动关系,所以用 seen

更自然的中文是:

从山顶看,这座城市很美。

表条件

从句形式:

If we are given more time, we can finish the work.
如果给我们更多时间,我们能完成工作。

非谓语形式:

Given more time, we can finish the work.

这里:

we are given more time

we 和 give 是被动关系,所以用 given


5.3 不定式 to do ≈ 目的状语从句

不定式做状语时,最常见的是表示目的。

从句形式:

He got up early so that he could catch the first train.
他早起是为了赶上第一班车。

非谓语形式:

He got up early to catch the first train.

这里:

to catch the first train
= in order to catch the first train

表示目的。

再看:

I study hard so that I can pass the exam.

可以改成:

I study hard to pass the exam.


5.4 状语从句简化成非谓语的条件

不是所有状语从句都能随便简化。

通常需要满足一个重要条件:

从句主语和主句主语一致。

例如:

When I was walking home, I saw a cat.

两个主语都是 I,所以可以简化:

Walking home, I saw a cat.

但是:

When I was walking home, a cat followed me.

从句主语是 I,主句主语是 a cat。
二者不一致,不能直接改成:

Walking home, a cat followed me.

因为这句话会变成:

一只猫在走回家的时候跟着我。

这就是逻辑主语错误。

正确表达是:

When I was walking home, a cat followed me.

或者使用独立主格:

I walking home, a cat followed me.

不过这个句子不太自然。更自然还是保留从句。


6. 非谓语和名词性从句的关系

非谓语和名词性从句也有关系,尤其是不定式和动名词。

名词性从句整体可以做:

主语、宾语、表语、同位语

而不定式和动名词也可以做这些成分。


6.1 动名词 doing ≈ 把一个动作当成名词

名词性从句形式

That he studies English every day is important.
他每天学英语这件事很重要。

这个句子虽然语法上可以,但比较笨重。

更自然可以说:

Studying English every day is important.
每天学英语很重要。

这里:

studying English every day

整体做主语,相当于一个名词性成分。


6.2 不定式 to do ≈ 具体目标或任务

To learn English well takes time.
学好英语需要时间。

也可以用形式主语:

It takes time to learn English well.

这里:

to learn English well

相当于一个名词性成分。


6.3 疑问词 + to do ≈ 简化的名词性从句

这是非常重要的一类。

宾语从句形式

I don’t know what I should do.
我不知道我应该做什么。

非谓语形式

I don’t know what to do.
我不知道该做什么。

这里:

what to do
= what I should do

再看:

She asked where she should go.

可以改成:

She asked where to go.
她问该去哪里。

We haven’t decided when we should start.

可以改成:

We haven’t decided when to start.
我们还没决定什么时候开始。


6.4 疑问词 + to do 的使用条件

通常要求:

主句主语和从句中“应该做事的人”一致,或者语境中清楚是谁做。

例如:

I don’t know what to do.

意思是:

I don’t know what I should do.

做事的人是 I。

Can you tell me how to use this app?

意思是:

Can you tell me how I can use this app?

做事的人通常是 I 或泛指的人。

但是如果主语不同,就不能随便简化。

例如:

I don’t know what he should do.

不能直接改成:

I don’t know what to do.

因为:

what to do

通常理解为:

我不知道我该做什么

而不是:

我不知道他该做什么

如果要表达“他该做什么”,要保留:

I don’t know what he should do.


7. 非谓语和三大从句的总体关系

可以这样总结:

从句类型非谓语对应形式典型作用
定语从句doing / done / to do修饰名词
状语从句doing / done / to do表时间、原因、条件、目的、结果、伴随
名词性从句doing / to do / 疑问词 + to do做主语、宾语、表语等

8. 为什么非谓语可以让句子更高级?

因为它能让句子更简洁、更书面、更紧凑。

用从句

The students who were praised by the teacher felt happy.

用非谓语

The students praised by the teacher felt happy.

后者更简洁。

再看:

用从句

Because he didn’t know what to say, he kept silent.

用非谓语

Not knowing what to say, he kept silent.

后者更紧凑,也更书面。

再看:

用从句

He got up early so that he could catch the train.

用非谓语

He got up early to catch the train.

后者更自然。


9. 从句变非谓语的核心步骤

你可以按这几个步骤操作。

第一步:判断从句类型

先判断它是:

定语从句、状语从句,还是名词性从句

例如:

The boy who is standing there is my brother.

这是定语从句。

第二步:找逻辑主语

看从句动作是谁发出的,或者是谁承受的。

who is standing there

逻辑主语是:

the boy

第三步:判断主动还是被动

如果逻辑主语主动做动作,用 doing

the boy is standing
→ standing

如果逻辑主语承受动作,用 done

the book was written
→ written

如果表示目的、将来、任务,用 to do

homework that I need to do
→ homework to do

第四步:删除重复部分

例如:

The boy who is standing there is my brother.

删除:

who is

留下:

standing there

得到:

The boy standing there is my brother.


10. 定语从句变非谓语:详细规则

10.1 主动进行:who / which + be + doing → doing

The girl who is reading a book is my sister.

变成:

The girl reading a book is my sister.

The people who are waiting outside look tired.

变成:

The people waiting outside look tired.


10.2 被动:who / which + be + done → done

The letter which was written in English is hard to understand.

变成:

The letter written in English is hard to understand.

The problems that were discussed yesterday are important.

变成:

The problems discussed yesterday are important.


10.3 表示将来或任务:that / who will do → to do

The next train that will arrive is from Tokyo.

可以说:

The next train to arrive is from Tokyo.

I need someone who can help me.

可以说:

I need someone to help me.

There are many things that we should discuss.

可以说:

There are many things to discuss.


11. 状语从句变非谓语:详细规则

11.1 主动关系:状语从句 → doing

时间

When he saw me, he smiled.

如果两个主语一致:

Seeing me, he smiled.
看到我,他笑了。

这里:

he saw me

he 主动 see,所以用 seeing。

原因

Because he knew the truth, he stayed silent.

变成:

Knowing the truth, he stayed silent.
因为知道真相,他保持沉默。


11.2 被动关系:状语从句 → done

原因

Because he was shocked by the news, he said nothing.

变成:

Shocked by the news, he said nothing.
因为被这个消息震惊,他什么也没说。

条件

If the medicine is taken correctly, it will be effective.

变成:

Taken correctly, the medicine will be effective.
如果正确服用,这种药会有效。

这里:

medicine is taken

药是被服用,所以用 taken。


11.3 目的:so that / in order that → to do

He works hard so that he can support his family.

变成:

He works hard to support his family.
他努力工作以养家。

She moved to Tokyo in order that she could study Japanese.

变成:

She moved to Tokyo to study Japanese.
她搬到东京是为了学日语。


12. 名词性从句变非谓语:详细规则

12.1 主语从句 → 动名词 / 不定式

That we learn grammar is important.

更自然:

Learning grammar is important.

或者:

It is important to learn grammar.


12.2 宾语从句 → 疑问词 + to do

I don’t know what I should say.

变成:

I don’t know what to say.

We haven’t decided where we should meet.

变成:

We haven’t decided where to meet.

She asked how she could solve the problem.

变成:

She asked how to solve the problem.


12.3 不是所有 that 从句都能变非谓语

例如:

I know that he is honest.

不能简单改成:

I know to be honest.

因为意思完全变了。

that 从句表示一件事实,通常不能随意压缩成非谓语。

但是如果含有“应该、能够、要做什么”这种意义,常可以变成:

疑问词 + to do

例如:

I don’t know what I should do.
→ I don’t know what to do.


13. 非谓语和从句的选择:什么时候用哪个?

13.1 用从句更清楚的时候

如果主语不同,或者逻辑关系复杂,用从句更安全。

例如:

When I was walking home, a cat followed me.

这里从句主语是 I,主句主语是 a cat。
如果改成:

Walking home, a cat followed me.

就会变成:

猫在走回家的时候跟着我。

所以必须保留从句。


13.2 用非谓语更简洁的时候

如果主语一致,逻辑关系清楚,用非谓语更自然。

Because he was tired, he went to bed early.

可以改成:

Tired, he went to bed early.

或者:

Feeling tired, he went to bed early.


13.3 口语中从句更常见,写作中非谓语更常见

口语里,人们常用更直白的从句:

When I got home, I called him.

写作里,可以适当用非谓语:

Arriving home, I called him.

不过注意:非谓语用太多会显得生硬。
学习阶段建议先保证逻辑正确,再追求简洁。


14. 非谓语和从句最容易混淆的地方

14.1 doing 和定语从句

The boy standing there is my brother.

不要误以为这是完整句子。
它其实相当于:

The boy who is standing there is my brother.

其中:

standing there

只是修饰 the boy 的非谓语短语。


14.2 done 和被动定语从句

The book written by him is famous.

相当于:

The book which was written by him is famous.

这里 written 不是谓语。
真正的谓语是:

is


14.3 分词状语的逻辑主语

错误:

Walking down the street, a wallet was found.

这个句子的问题是:

walking 的逻辑主语变成了 a wallet

也就是说,句子字面上好像是:

钱包走在街上。

正确:

Walking down the street, I found a wallet.

或者:

When I was walking down the street, I found a wallet.


14.4 不是所有从句都要变成非谓语

例如:

I think that he is right.

这句话非常自然。
没有必要改成非谓语。

很多时候,非谓语不是“必须”,而是“可以”。


15. 从句和非谓语的本质区别总结

项目从句非谓语
是否有完整主谓没有真正谓语
是否有明确主语通常有通常依靠逻辑主语
表达方式完整、清楚简洁、紧凑
常见场景口语、解释复杂关系写作、压缩信息
风险句子较长逻辑主语容易错

16. 最核心的判断口诀

口诀 1:能不能变非谓语,先看主语

从句主语和主句主语一致,才容易简化成非谓语。

例如:

When I arrived, I called him.
→ Arriving, I called him.

但:

When I arrived, he called me.

不能改成:

Arriving, he called me.

因为这样会变成:

他到达时,他给我打电话。


口诀 2:主动 doing,被动 done,目的 to do

主动 / 进行 → doing
被动 / 完成 → done
目的 / 将来 / 待完成 → to do

例如:

the girl standing there
主动站着

the book written by him
被他写

homework to do
要做的作业


口诀 3:非谓语是“压缩版从句”

who is standing → standing
which was written → written
so that he could pass → to pass
what he should do → what to do


17. 最终总结

非谓语动词和从句的关系可以概括为:

很多非谓语结构,本质上是从句的简化形式。

具体来说:

从句可简化为例子
定语从句分词 / 不定式the boy who is standing there → the boy standing there
被动定语从句过去分词the book which was written by him → the book written by him
状语从句分词短语Because he felt tiredFeeling tired
目的状语从句不定式so that he could passto pass
部分名词性从句疑问词 + to dowhat I should dowhat to do

最重要的是:

非谓语没有真正的谓语,它依赖逻辑主语。
从句更完整,非谓语更简洁。
能不能用非谓语,关键看逻辑主语是否清楚,主动被动关系是否正确。