英语状语从句详解
状语从句可以理解成:
用一个从句来说明主句动作发生的时间、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等。
前面已经学过:
名词性从句 = 整个从句当名词用
定语从句 = 整个从句修饰名词
状语从句 = 整个从句当副词用,修饰主句动作或整个主句
1. 什么是状语从句?
先看中文:
因为下雨了,我待在家里。
如果明天下雨,我会待在家里。
当他给我打电话时,我正在睡觉。
这里的:
因为下雨了
如果明天下雨
当他给我打电话时
都在说明主句动作发生的背景、条件、原因或时间。
英语中可以说:
Because it rained, I stayed at home.
因为下雨了,我待在家里。
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
如果明天下雨,我会待在家里。
I was sleeping when he called me.
他给我打电话时,我正在睡觉。
这些加粗部分就是 状语从句。
2. 状语从句的基本结构
状语从句通常由:
从属连词 + 主语 + 谓语
构成。
例如:
When he arrived, we started dinner.
拆开:
| 部分 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 从属连词 | when |
| 从句主语 | he |
| 从句谓语 | arrived |
| 主句 | we started dinner |
整个意思是:
当他到达时,我们开始吃晚饭。
3. 状语从句的位置
状语从句可以放在主句前面,也可以放在主句后面。
3.1 放在主句前面
When I got home, I called him.
我到家后,给他打了电话。
这种情况下,状语从句后面通常要加逗号。
结构是:
状语从句 + , + 主句
3.2 放在主句后面
I called him when I got home.
我到家后给他打了电话。
这种情况下通常不需要逗号。
结构是:
主句 + 状语从句
3.3 对比
| 位置 | 例句 | 逗号 |
|---|---|---|
| 从句在前 | When I got home, I called him. | 通常有逗号 |
| 从句在后 | I called him when I got home. | 通常无逗号 |
4. 状语从句的主要类型
状语从句按意义可以分为很多类,最常见的是:
| 类型 | 作用 | 常见引导词 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间状语从句 | 表示“什么时候” | when, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as |
| 原因状语从句 | 表示“为什么” | because, since, as, now that |
| 条件状语从句 | 表示“在什么条件下” | if, unless, as long as, provided that |
| 让步状语从句 | 表示“虽然 / 即使” | although, though, even though, even if, while |
| 目的状语从句 | 表示“为了……” | so that, in order that |
| 结果状语从句 | 表示“结果……” | so…that, such…that |
| 比较状语从句 | 表示比较 | than, as…as |
| 方式状语从句 | 表示“以……方式” | as, as if, as though |
| 地点状语从句 | 表示“在哪里” | where, wherever |
5. 时间状语从句
时间状语从句说明主句动作发生的时间。
常见引导词:
when, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as, once, whenever
5.1 when
when 表示“当……的时候”,可以表示某个时间点,也可以表示一段时间。
I was sleeping when he called me.
他给我打电话时,我正在睡觉。
这里:
when he called me
说明:
我正在睡觉的时间点
再看:
When I was a child, I lived in Shanghai.
当我还是孩子的时候,我住在上海。
这里 when 表示一段时间。
5.2 while
while 通常表示“在……期间”,常用于两个动作同时进行,尤其强调持续性。
I was cooking while he was watching TV.
我在做饭时,他在看电视。
这里两个动作都是持续的:
was cooking
was watching TV
while 后面通常接持续性动作:
She listened to music while she was studying.
她学习时听音乐。
5.3 when 和 while 的区别
| 项目 | when | while |
|---|---|---|
| 基本意思 | 当……时 | 在……期间 |
| 动作特点 | 可短暂,也可持续 | 通常持续 |
| 常见搭配 | when he arrived | while he was sleeping |
对比:
I was sleeping when he came in.
他进来时,我正在睡觉。
这里:
came in
是短暂动作,所以用 when 更自然。
I was sleeping while he was studying.
他学习的时候,我在睡觉。
这里:
sleeping 和 studying
都是持续动作,所以用 while。
5.4 as
as 也可以表示“当……的时候”,但通常强调两个动作几乎同时发生,或者随着某个过程变化。
As I walked into the room, everyone became quiet.
当我走进房间时,大家安静了下来。
表示“随着……”:
As time passed, things got better.
随着时间流逝,情况变好了。
5.5 before
before 表示“在……之前”。
I finished my homework before I went to bed.
我睡觉前完成了作业。
结构:
主句动作发生在 before 从句动作之前
也就是:
finished homework → went to bed
5.6 after
after 表示“在……之后”。
I called him after I arrived.
我到达后给他打了电话。
顺序是:
arrived → called him
5.7 until
until 表示“直到……为止”。
I waited until he came back.
我一直等到他回来。
这里表示:
waited 这个动作一直持续到 he came back
not…until
not…until 表示“直到……才”。
I didn’t leave until he came back.
直到他回来我才离开。
意思是:
他回来之前,我没有离开。
他回来之后,我才离开。
5.8 since
since 表示“自从……以来”。
I have lived here since I came to Tokyo.
自从我来到东京以来,我一直住在这里。
常见结构:
主句现在完成时 + since + 从句一般过去时
例如:
I have known him since we were children.
我从我们小时候就认识他。
5.9 as soon as
as soon as 表示“一……就……”。
I will call you as soon as I arrive.
我一到就给你打电话。
注意这里有一个重要规则:
时间状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。
所以不是:
as soon as I will arrive
而是:
as soon as I arrive
6. 原因状语从句
原因状语从句说明主句动作发生的原因。
常见引导词:
because, since, as, now that
6.1 because
because 表示直接原因,语气最强,回答 why。
I stayed at home because it rained.
因为下雨了,我待在家里。
如果有人问:
Why did you stay at home?
可以回答:
Because it rained.
6.2 since
since 表示“既然”,原因通常是双方都知道的事实。
Since you are tired, you should take a rest.
既然你累了,你应该休息一下。
这里重点不是解释原因,而是基于这个原因提出建议。
6.3 as
as 也可以表示“因为”,语气比 because 弱,通常放句首。
As it was late, we decided to go home.
因为天晚了,我们决定回家。
6.4 now that
now that 表示“既然现在……”。
Now that you are here, let’s start.
既然你来了,我们开始吧。
6.5 because / since / as 的区别
| 连词 | 含义 | 语气 | 常见位置 |
|---|---|---|---|
| because | 因为 | 最强,直接回答 why | 句首或句中 |
| since | 既然 | 中等,原因通常已知 | 常在句首 |
| as | 由于 | 较弱,背景原因 | 常在句首 |
7. 条件状语从句
条件状语从句表示主句成立的条件。
常见引导词:
if, unless, as long as, provided that, in case
7.1 if
if 表示“如果”。
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
如果明天下雨,我会待在家里。
注意:
条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。
所以:
正确:
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
不自然 / 错误:
If it will rain tomorrow, I will stay at home.
7.2 unless
unless 表示“除非;如果不”。
I won’t go out unless it stops raining.
除非雨停,否则我不会出去。
等于:
I won’t go out if it doesn’t stop raining.
7.3 as long as
as long as 表示“只要”。
You can use my computer as long as you are careful.
只要你小心,你可以用我的电脑。
7.4 provided that / providing that
表示“只要;如果”,比较正式。
You can enter the room provided that you have a ticket.
只要你有票,就可以进入房间。
7.5 in case
in case 表示“以防;万一”。
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
带把伞,以防下雨。
注意:
in case it rains
不是“如果下雨了才带伞”,而是:
为了防备可能下雨,所以现在带伞。
8. 让步状语从句
让步状语从句表示:
虽然有某种情况,但主句仍然成立。
常见引导词:
although, though, even though, even if, while, no matter wh-, whatever, whoever
8.1 although / though
表示“虽然;尽管”。
Although he was tired, he kept working.
虽然他很累,但他继续工作。
也可以说:
Though he was tired, he kept working.
8.2 although 和 but 不能同时用于同一套主从结构
中文可以说:
虽然他很累,但是他继续工作。
但英语通常不能说:
错误:
Although he was tired, but he kept working.
正确:
Although he was tired, he kept working.
或者:
He was tired, but he kept working.
也就是说:
although 和 but 选一个就够了。
8.3 even though
even though 表示“即使;尽管”,语气比 although 更强,强调事实确实存在。
Even though it was raining, they continued the game.
尽管当时在下雨,他们还是继续比赛。
这里“下雨”是真实发生的事实。
8.4 even if
even if 表示“即使”,常用于假设情况。
Even if it rains tomorrow, I will go.
即使明天下雨,我也会去。
这里“明天下雨”还不确定,是假设。
8.5 even though 和 even if 的区别
| 表达 | 重点 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| even though | 事实让步 | Even though he was ill, he came. |
| even if | 假设让步 | Even if he is ill, he will come. |
8.6 no matter wh- / whatever
表示“无论……”。
No matter what happens, I will help you.
无论发生什么,我都会帮你。
也可以说:
Whatever happens, I will help you.
再如:
No matter where you go, I will remember you.
无论你去哪里,我都会记得你。
Wherever you go, I will remember you.
9. 目的状语从句
目的状语从句表示“为了……”。
常见引导词:
so that, in order that
9.1 so that
I got up early so that I could catch the first train.
我早起是为了赶上第一班车。
这里:
so that I could catch the first train
说明早起的目的。
9.2 in order that
in order that 比 so that 更正式。
He spoke slowly in order that everyone could understand him.
他讲得很慢,以便每个人都能听懂。
9.3 目的状语从句常和情态动词连用
目的状语从句中常见:
can, could, may, might, will, would
例如:
I left early so that I could avoid the traffic.
我早点出发,以便避开交通堵塞。
Please speak clearly so that everyone can hear you.
请说清楚,以便大家都能听见。
10. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句表示“结果是……”。
常见结构:
so + 形容词 / 副词 + that 从句
such + 名词短语 + that 从句
10.1 so…that
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
他太累了,所以立刻睡着了。
结构:
so + adjective / adverb + that + result
再看:
She spoke so quickly that I couldn’t understand her.
她说得太快了,以至于我听不懂。
10.2 such…that
It was such a difficult question that nobody could answer it.
这是一个如此困难的问题,以至于没人能回答。
结构:
such + 名词短语 + that + result
例如:
He is such a kind person that everyone likes him.
他是如此善良的人,以至于每个人都喜欢他。
10.3 so 和 such 的区别
| 结构 | 后面接什么 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| so…that | 形容词 / 副词 | so tired that… |
| such…that | 名词短语 | such a good book that… |
对比:
It was so interesting that I read it twice.
它太有趣了,所以我读了两遍。
It was such an interesting book that I read it twice.
这是一本如此有趣的书,以至于我读了两遍。
11. 比较状语从句
比较状语从句用于比较。
常见结构:
as…as
not as / so…as
than
11.1 as…as
表示“和……一样”。
He is as tall as I am.
他和我一样高。
口语中也常说:
He is as tall as me.
但从语法分析上看,完整形式是:
as I am
11.2 not as / so…as
表示“不如……”。
This book is not as difficult as I expected.
这本书没有我预想的那么难。
11.3 than
表示“比……”。
She is taller than I am.
她比我高。
口语中也常说:
She is taller than me.
11.4 比较状语从句中常省略
比较状语从句经常省略重复部分。
完整:
He runs faster than I run.
更自然:
He runs faster than I do.
或者:
He runs faster than me.
12. 方式状语从句
方式状语从句说明动作发生的方式。
常见引导词:
as, as if, as though
12.1 as
表示“按照……的方式”。
Do as I told you.
按我告诉你的去做。
You should write it as the teacher showed us.
你应该按照老师教我们的方式写。
12.2 as if / as though
表示“好像;仿佛”。
He talks as if he knows everything.
他说话的样子好像他什么都知道。
She looked at me as though she had seen a ghost.
她看着我,好像见了鬼一样。
12.3 as if 和虚拟语气
如果 as if 后面的内容明显不是真实情况,常用虚拟语气。
He talks as if he were an expert.
他说话好像自己是专家一样。
实际含义通常是:
He is not an expert.
不过现代口语中,也常听到:
as if he was an expert
但正式语法中 were 更传统、更稳妥。
13. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句说明动作发生的地点。
常见引导词:
where, wherever
13.1 where
You can sit where you like.
你可以坐在你喜欢的地方。
这里:
where you like
不是修饰前面的某个名词,而是说明:
sit 的地点
所以这是地点状语从句。
13.2 wherever
表示“无论哪里”。
I will follow you wherever you go.
无论你去哪里,我都会跟着你。
14. 状语从句中的重要时态规则
这是考试和写作中非常重要的规则。
14.1 时间和条件状语从句中,一般现在时表示将来
当主句表示将来时,时间或条件状语从句通常不用 will,而用一般现在时。
时间状语从句
正确:
I will call you when I arrive.
我到达时会给你打电话。
错误:
I will call you when I will arrive.
正确:
I will tell you as soon as I know.
我一知道就告诉你。
错误:
I will tell you as soon as I will know.
条件状语从句
正确:
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
如果明天下雨,我会待在家里。
错误:
If it will rain tomorrow, I will stay at home.
14.2 但宾语从句中可以用 will
注意区别:
I don’t know if he will come tomorrow.
我不知道他明天是否会来。
这里的:
if he will come tomorrow
是宾语从句,不是条件状语从句。
所以可以用 will。
对比:
| 句子 | 从句类型 | will 是否可用 |
|---|---|---|
| I will tell him if he comes. | 条件状语从句,如果他来 | 不用 will |
| I don’t know if he will come. | 宾语从句,是否会来 | 可以用 will |
这是一个非常重要的区别。
15. 状语从句的省略
当状语从句的主语和主句主语一致,且从句中含有 be 动词时,可以省略:
从句主语 + be
15.1 while 从句省略
完整:
While I was walking home, I saw a cat.
省略:
While walking home, I saw a cat.
走回家的时候,我看到了一只猫。
这里省略了:
I was
15.2 when 从句省略
完整:
When it is necessary, you can ask for help.
省略:
When necessary, you can ask for help.
必要时,你可以寻求帮助。
15.3 although 从句省略
完整:
Although he was tired, he kept working.
省略:
Although tired, he kept working.
虽然很累,他还是继续工作。
15.4 if 从句省略
完整:
If it is possible, please reply today.
省略:
If possible, please reply today.
如果可以,请今天回复。
16. 状语从句和其他从句的区别
16.1 状语从句 vs 名词性从句
看 if:
条件状语从句
If it rains, I will stay home.
如果下雨,我会待在家。
这里 if = 如果。
从句说明主句发生的条件。
宾语从句
I don’t know if it will rain.
我不知道是否会下雨。
这里 if = 是否。
从句做 know 的宾语。
对比:
| 句子 | if 含义 | 从句类型 |
|---|---|---|
| If it rains, I will stay home. | 如果 | 条件状语从句 |
| I don’t know if it will rain. | 是否 | 宾语从句 |
16.2 状语从句 vs 定语从句
看 where:
地点状语从句
You can sit where you like.
你可以坐在你喜欢的地方。
这里没有明确的先行词,where 从句修饰 sit,表示地点。
所以是状语从句。
定语从句
This is the place where I lived.
这是我住过的地方。
这里 where 从句修饰:
the place
所以是定语从句。
对比:
| 句子 | where 从句作用 | 类型 |
|---|---|---|
| You can sit where you like. | 修饰 sit,表示地点 | 地点状语从句 |
| This is the place where I lived. | 修饰 the place | 定语从句 |
17. 常见错误讲解
错误 1:时间 / 条件状语从句里乱用 will
错误:
I will call you when I will arrive.
正确:
I will call you when I arrive.
原因:
时间状语从句中,一般现在时表示将来。
错误:
If it will rain tomorrow, I will stay home.
正确:
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.
原因:
条件状语从句中,一般现在时表示将来。
错误 2:although 和 but 同时使用
错误:
Although he was tired, but he kept working.
正确:
Although he was tired, he kept working.
或者:
He was tired, but he kept working.
原因:
although 已经表示“虽然”,but 已经表示“但是”,英语里通常不同时使用。
错误 3:because 和 so 同时使用
中文可以说:
因为下雨了,所以我没出去。
英语通常不要说:
错误:
Because it rained, so I didn’t go out.
正确:
Because it rained, I didn’t go out.
或者:
It rained, so I didn’t go out.
错误 4:把 if 的两种意思混淆
If he comes, I will tell you.
如果他来,我会告诉你。
这里 if = 如果,条件状语从句。
I don’t know if he will come.
我不知道他是否会来。
这里 if = 是否,宾语从句。
两个句子的时态规则不同。
错误 5:so 和 such 混用
错误:
It was so a good movie that I watched it twice.
正确:
It was such a good movie that I watched it twice.
因为:
movie 是名词,所以用 such a good movie。
也可以改成:
The movie was so good that I watched it twice.
因为:
good 是形容词,所以用 so good。
18. 如何判断一个从句是不是状语从句?
可以按这个步骤判断。
第一步:找从属连词
常见状语从句引导词有:
when, while, before, after, because, if, although, so that, so…that, as…as, where 等
第二步:看从句是不是在说明主句动作的背景
问自己:
这个从句是在说明主句的时间、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、地点、方式或比较吗?
如果是,大概率就是状语从句。
第三步:看它是否修饰名词
如果从句修饰前面的名词,通常是定语从句。
例如:
This is the place where I lived.
where I lived 修饰 place,所以是定语从句。
但:
You can live where you like.
where you like 修饰 live 的地点,所以是地点状语从句。
19. 做题时的判断口诀
口诀 1:看意义
表时间,用 when / while / before / after
表原因,用 because / since / as
表条件,用 if / unless
表让步,用 although / though / even if
表目的,用 so that / in order that
表结果,用 so…that / such…that
口诀 2:时间条件不用 will
时间、条件状语从句中,一般现在时表示将来。
例如:
I will call you when I arrive.
If it rains, I will stay home.
口诀 3:中英连接词不要重复
中文常说:
虽然……但是……
因为……所以……
英语通常只保留一个:
Although…, …
Because…, …
或者:
…, but …
…, so …
20. 总结
状语从句的本质是:
用一个从句来修饰主句动作或整个主句,说明时间、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等。
最常见类型:
| 类型 | 常见引导词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间 | when, while, before, after, until, since | I called him when I arrived. |
| 原因 | because, since, as | I stayed home because it rained. |
| 条件 | if, unless, as long as | If it rains, I will stay home. |
| 让步 | although, though, even if | Although he was tired, he worked. |
| 目的 | so that, in order that | I got up early so that I could catch the train. |
| 结果 | so…that, such…that | He was so tired that he fell asleep. |
| 比较 | than, as…as | He is taller than I am. |
| 方式 | as, as if | Do as I told you. |
| 地点 | where, wherever | Sit where you like. |
最重要的三个考点:
时间、条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。
although 不和 but 连用;because 不和 so 连用。
同一个引导词可能引导不同从句,要看它在句子中的作用。